Modelling heat and mass transfer during liquid hydrogen refuelling

液化氢（LH 2）被认为是HDV、火车、船舶和飞机上最实用的长距离存储方法。目前，当对气态氢进行加燃料时，没有用于超过10 kg的氢存量的加燃料协议。由于温度显著降低以及存在蒸发和冷凝的两相流，低温氢燃料和LH 2转移的建模将带来更多挑战。LH 2换料将需要为储存和传输基础设施开发创新的安全策略和工程解决方案，了解潜在的物理现象，开发和验证当代计算流体动力学（CFD）以及简化的工程模型和安全设计工具。开发和验证的液氢转移模型将允许运行“数值实验”，以深入了解基本的物理现象，避免大规模实验研究中典型的高成本、危险和相关风险，并在实践方面制定液氢换料协议。- 严格审查液氢安全方面的最新技术水平，重点是加燃料/加燃料，- 开发CFD模型，模拟整个加氢站（HRS）或加油站的LH 2加氢（从储罐到机载储罐），-根据文献中或正在进行的项目中的合作伙伴提供的实验数据验证所开发的CFD模型，-使用经验证的模型来支持本质上更安全的加油/加油协议的开发，- 探索开发简化模型的潜力，以支持进一步推进氢安全电子实验室（https：//fch2edu.eu/home/e-laboratory）。

Liquified hydrogen (LH2) is considered as the most practical storage method onboard on HDV, trains, ships and planes in case of long distances. Currently there are no fuelling protocols for hydrogen inventory in excess of 10 kg when refuelling gaseous hydrogen. Modelling of fuelling of cryogenic hydrogen and LH2 transfer will pose even more challenges due to significantly lower temperatures and presence of two-phase flows with evaporation and condensation. LH2 refuelling will require development of innovative safety strategies and engineering solutions for storage and transfer infrastructure, understanding of underlying physical phenomena, development and validation of contemporary Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and reduced engineering models and tools for safety design. The developed and validated LH2 transfer model will allow to run "numerical experiments" to get insight into underlying physical phenomena avoiding high costs, hazards and associated risks typical for large-scale experimental studies, and, on practical side, develop LH2 refuelling protocols.This project will:-critically review the state-of-the-art in safety of LH2 with focus on fuelling/refuelling,-develop a CFD model to simulate LH2 refuelling for the entire hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) or bunkering station (from storage tank to onboard tank), -validate the developed CFD model against experimental data available in literature or from partners in ongoing projects,-use the validated model to support development of inherently safer fuelling/bunkering protocols,-explore potential for development of reduced models to support further advancement of the e-Laboratory of Hydrogen Safety (https://fch2edu.eu/home/e-laboratory).