2ZERO - Towards Zero Emissions in Regional Airline Operations

可持续交通和流动对全球环境、经济和社会至关重要。如今的大型飞机可以在高客运量或高货运量的情况下高效运行。这导致了目前为大型飞机设计的轮辐式（has）机场运营模式。这导致主要机场非常拥挤，乘客门到门的旅行时间很长。这对乘客和航空运输系统运营商来说都是昂贵的。这些大型飞机还通过碳排放对气候紧急情况做出了重大贡献。英国政府承诺到2050年实现航空运输的净零排放，平衡该行业的碳生产和碳去除。未来的小型电动飞机将更频繁地起飞，这将使航空运输从HAS运营转向更直接的点对点（PTP）模式。这一零净航空系统将改善公众对航线的使用，减少主要枢纽机场的拥堵，创造更经济可行的区域航空运输运营，并减少碳排放。该项目采用整体系统方法，模拟并实际演示了电动飞机在区域航空运输运营中的可行性，以及实现可扩展生态系统所需的变化，并展示了其对经济和环境的影响。2ZERO项目将进行新型365KW 6座混合动力（HE）飞机初始原型机的飞行演示，以评估性能和操作需求。该项目还将把并行HE架构和新型电池组能源系统集成到1MW 19座混合动力（HE）双水獭飞机上，为第三阶段的飞行演示做准备。这将是HE飞行所展示的最大载客量。建模和仿真将用于优化基于这类HE飞机的飞行。这项研究将揭示未来HE飞机运营所需的全系统变革，包括新的标准和认证、机场基础设施、可再生地面电力（存储、分配和充电）的需求管理、地面运营和空中交通路线系统的优化。大幅降低运营成本和PTP航线结构将极大地提高航空公司运营商的灵活性，并通过从较小的地区机场创建可行的航线，缓解主要枢纽的拥堵。在环境方面，HE飞机通过基础设施改造和近期生物喷气燃料的使用，在英国实现了100%的清洁能源运营，实现了高达75%的减排。此外，飞机飞行中的噪音将减少40-50%，地面上的噪音将减少90%。噪音和排放的减少提高了机场周围社区的生活质量。从经济上讲，HE飞机将减少50-75%的直接燃料成本和25%-50%的维护/大修成本。航空公司的整体运营成本将降低25%。由于PTP模式将以可承受的成本为更多的城市和村庄提供服务，社区将更加紧密地联系在一起，创造更多的经济机会。

Sustainable transport and mobility are crucial to the global environment, economy and society. Today's larger aircraft can operate efficiently with high passenger numbers or high freight loads. This has led to the current Hub-and-Spoke (HAS) model of airport operations designed for large aircraft. This results in very congested major airports and long door-to-door travel times for passengers. This is costly to both passengers and air transport system operators. These larger aircraft also contribute significantly to the climate emergency through carbon emissions.The UK Government has pledged to make air transport net-zero by 2050 -- balancing production and removal of carbon by the sector. Tomorrow's **smaller electric aircraft, with more frequent departures,** will enable the move from HAS operations to a more direct Point-to-Point (PTP) model. This net-zero aviation system will improve public access to flight routes, reduce congestion at major hub airports, create more economically viable regional air transport operations and **cut carbon emissions**.This project uses a holistic systems approach to simulate and physically demonstrate the viability of electric aircraft in regional air transport operations and the changes needed to achieve a **scalable ecosystem with demonstrable** economic and environmental impact. The 2ZERO project will carry out flight demonstration of a novel 365KW initial prototype of 6-seat hybrid electric (HE) aircraft to assess performance capabilities and operational requirements.The project will also integrate a parallel HE architecture and novel battery pack energy system into a 1MW 19-seat hybrid electric (HE) Twin Otter aircraft to prepare for flight demonstration in Phase3\. This would be the largest passenger capacity for which HE flight is demonstrated. Modelling and simulation will be used to optimise flights based on this class of HE aircraft. This research will uncover the system-wide changes necessary for future operations of HE aircraft, including new standards and certification, airport infrastructure, demand management for renewable ground power (storage, distribution, and charging), optimisation of ground operations and air traffic route systems. Significantly reduced operating costs and the PTP route structure will dramatically improve flexibility for airline operators and ease congestion at major hubs by creating viable routes from smaller regional airports.Environmentally, HE aircraft enables 100% clean energy operation in the UK through infrastructure changes and near-term bio-jet fuel use, achieving up to 75% emissions reduction. Additionally, aircraft in-flight noise will be reduced by 40-50%, and by 90% on the ground. Both the noise and emissions reductions improve quality of life for communities surrounding airports. Economically, HE aircraft will cut direct fuel costs by 50-75% and maintenance/overhaul costs by 25%-50%. The overall airline operating costs will decrease by up to 25%. As the PTP model will serve more city- and village- pairs at an affordable cost, communities will be more connected, creating more economic opportunities.