'The good, the bad and the ugly': positive and negative behaviour of Roman soldiers

该项目考察了公元前200年至公元14年罗马士兵在战斗和战役中的行为，在此期间，士兵与国家之间的关系因政治变化而发生了很大变化，士兵变得更加专业化，对士兵的需求随着海外帝国的收购而变化。在审议了招募士兵这一在本报告所述期间发生了重大变化的领域及其训练之后，该项目集中讨论了军事行为的消极方面：士兵的行动和懦弱导致失败，特别是百夫长和旗手等军官的作用，以及在失败中的责任分摊；拒绝服从命令和更大范围的兵变，以及通常与这些情况有关的军官被谋杀，但偶尔也会发生在其他情况下，例如在对指挥官失去信心时；对逃兵、投降的士兵和战俘的态度和待遇。然后，在关于个人和单位勇气以及这种行为的奖励的一节中，研究士兵行为的积极一面。结束语部分思考并质疑古今严明纪律的理想，认为这是罗马军事成功的主要原因之一。

The project examines the behaviour of Roman soldiers in battle and on campaign from c.200 BC - AD 14, a period during which the relationship between soldiers and the state changed considerably as a result of political change, and as soldiers became more 'professionalised' and demands on them evolved with the acquisition of an overseas empire. After considering the recruitment of soldiers, an area which altered significantly during the period under consideration, and their training, the project concentrates on the negative side of military behaviour: the contribution of soldiers' actions and cowardice to defeat, particularly the role of officers such as centurions and standard-bearers, and the apportionment of blame in defeat; refusal to obey orders and wider-scale mutiny, and the murder of officers which is usually associated with these situations, but occasionally occurs at other times such as when confidence is lost in the commander; attitudes towards and the treatment of deserters, soldiers who surrendered, and prisoners of war. The positive side of soldiers' behaviour is then examined in a section on individual and unit courage, and the rewards for such actions. The concluding section considers and questions the ideal, both ancient and modern, of harsh discipline as one of the principal reasons for Roman military success