The meiotic role of dtopors in male Drosophila

描述（由申请人提供）：肿瘤抑制因子Topors是一种e3型泛素和SUMO连接酶，可结合许多重要的细胞周期调节蛋白，包括p53、拓扑异构酶I和DJ-1。它通过泛素偶联蛋白体降解靶标，或通过sumo化改变靶标的结合特性或细胞定位来调节蛋白质功能。此外，Topors与早幼粒细胞白血病小体有关，这是一种涉及肿瘤发生的核结构，涉及多种功能，包括聚合、转录调节、细胞周期控制和抗病毒防御。Topors在癌细胞系中下调，表明其活性对抑制肿瘤发生很重要。果蝇已经证明了一种信息模型，用于表征保守的Topors同源物的功能。Dtopors蛋白作为泛素连接酶，通过指导毛状转录因子的蛋白水解来调节早期胚胎模式。此外，它还通过绝缘子元件的组装在基因调控中起第二个作用。绝缘子元件被提出通过建立染色质结构域来限制顺式作用转录调控元件的活性。Dtopors蛋白与绝缘子蛋白和层蛋白结合，并被认为在将绝缘子复合物系在核层上发挥重要的功能作用。在雄性生殖系中，Dtopors蛋白对于正确的染色体分离也是必不可少的，它需要及时的染色体凝聚，正常的核层形成和中心体复制的调节。在减数分裂前期细胞中，Dtopors聚集成核内病灶，使人想起PML小体。突变导致这些病灶的破坏，种系基因组的不稳定和非整倍体配子的产生。这些发现表明，Dtopors在果蝇雄性生殖系中的功能特征可能揭示了肿瘤抑制的重要保守机制。这些研究将采用细胞学、分子和遗传学相结合的方法进行。对雄性生殖系中Dtopors的需求将通过检查野生型和突变型Dtopors的时间和空间调节表达的结果来确定。形成病灶和拯救生殖系缺陷的个别方面的能力将在细胞学和遗传学上进行检查。与Mod（mdg4）的潜在相互作用将在减数分裂中进行研究，Mod（mdg4）是Dtopors已知的有丝分裂伴侣。基于抑制dtopors等位基因特异性雄性不育和改变dtopors诱导的细胞学缺陷，将进行修饰子筛选，以确定减数分裂中与dtopors相互作用的新基因。这些研究将表征dTopors在减数分裂细胞分裂中的作用，并且重要的是将导致dTopors通路中基因的鉴定，这些基因可能对人类Topors在肿瘤抑制中的活性具有重要意义。Topors是一种多功能的人类肿瘤抑制基因，可以改变参与细胞周期进程和DNA损伤修复的蛋白质的活性。对黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）的功能同源物dtopors的研究，揭示了其作用机制的重要见解。本研究旨在描述Topors在男性减数分裂中的功能，这是减数分裂染色体分离的关键，有助于理解人类Topors在肿瘤抑制中的类似作用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The tumor suppressor Topors is an E3-type ubiquitin and SUMO ligase that binds to a number of important cell cycle regulatory proteins, including p53, topoisomerase I, and DJ-1. It regulates protein function by ubiquitin-conjugating targets for proteosome degradation, or by altering binding properties or cellular localizations of targets by sumoylation. Additionally, Topors associates with Promyeloleucytic Leukemia Bodies, nuclear structures implicated in oncogenesis that are involved in a diversity of functions including sumolyation, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control and anti-viral defense. Topors is downregulated in cancer cell lines, suggesting its activities are important for suppressing oncogenesis. Drosophila has proven an informative model for characterizing functions of the conserved Topors homolog, Dtopors. The Dtopors protein acts as a ubiquitin ligase, and regulates early embryonic pattern by directing proteolysis of the Hairy transcription factor. Additionally, it plays a second role in gene regulation via assembly at insulator elements. Insulator elements are proposed to function by establishing chromatin domains that restrict the activities of cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements. The Dtopors protein associates with insulator proteins and lamin and has been hypothesized to play an important functional role in tethering insulator complexes to the nuclear lamina. The Dtopors protein is also essential for proper chromosome segregation in the male germ line, where it is required for timely chromosome condensation, normal nuclear lamina formation, and the regulation of centrosome duplication. In meiotic prophase cells, Dtopors assembles into intranuclear foci reminiscent of PML bodies. Mutants in dtopors lead to disruption of these foci, germline genomic instability and the production of aneuploid gametes. These findings suggest that characterization of Dtopors function in the Drosophila male germ line may reveal important conserved mechanisms of tumor suppression. Such studies will be pursued using a combined cytological, molecular and genetic approach. Requirements for Dtopors in the male germ line will be defined by examining the outcome of temporally and spatially regulated expression of wild type and mutant forms of Dtopors. The ability to form foci and to rescue individual aspects of the germ line defects will be examined both cytologically and genetically. A potential interaction with Mod(mdg4), a known mitotic partner of Dtopors, will be investigated in meiosis. Modifier screens will be performed to identify new genes that interact with dtopors in meiosis, based on suppression of a dtopors allele-specific male sterility and on alteration of dtopors-induced cytological defects. These studies will characterize the involvement of dTopors in meiotic cell division, and importantly will lead to the identification of genes in the dtopors pathway that may have important implications for the activities of human Topors in tumor suppression. Topors is a multifunctional human tumor suppressor gene known to alter the activities of proteins involved in cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair. Studies of dtopors, the functional homolog in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, have revealed important insights on its mechanism of action. This proposal aims to characterize dtopors functions in male meiosis, where it is particularly critical and is required for meiotic chromosome segregation, towards understanding of analogous roles of human Topors in tumor suppression.