'The Hive of Liberty': Joseph Cowen and radical politics on Tyneside, 1829-1900

这项提议是出版对著名激进分子小约瑟夫·考恩的第一份全面研究。下院议员(1829,1900)，对国家和国际事务产生了显著影响。他以其革命性的共和主义、对爱尔兰民族主义和地方自治的坚定辩护以及对格莱斯顿帝国政策的有争议的反对而闻名。他是一位富有魅力的领导人，对泰恩赛德选民的忠诚和喜爱拥有强大的影响力；即使在他被当地政党取消选举后，他们也压倒性地支持他以独立议员的身份重返议会。在国际舞台上，他积极参与了美国内战、意大利统一以及波兰和匈牙利的解放。这些竞选活动通过他与加里波迪、马齐尼、科苏斯和其他知名共和党人的亲密友谊而个性化。他的新闻帝国独一无二地加强了他的权力基础。他的报纸在全球发行，巩固了他在当地的霸权地位，提高了他在美国和欧洲的形象。研究考恩的生平和政治生涯将促进对那些拥护激进信仰的人及其与自由党其他成员的工作关系的更广泛了解。虽然对19世纪自由主义政治的许多研究已经产生，但我们的知识仍然存在重大空白，特别是在地区政治领域。同样，英国激进主义也吸引了很多学者的兴趣，特别是在过去十年左右的时间里，进行了重要的新研究。其中一些作品是传记，但倾向于关注查特一代激进分子。人们对考恩等活动家知之甚少，他们的政治思想受到晚期查迪斯主义的影响，但在格拉德斯通时代发挥了最大的影响。在可比的19世纪激进分子中，考恩在历史学中没有实质性的存在。他生前写的两本传记都是英雄式的叙述，缺乏必要的客观性。最近的一本传记也有同样的情感主观性，尽管作者对我们对当地激进主义的认识做出了宝贵的贡献，但他对自由党政治的处理缺乏深度和严谨。这本拟议中的传记采取了一种更具批判性的立场，这将暴露他性格中的许多弱点和模棱两可的地方，特别是他的俄罗斯恐惧症，并在后来滑向帝国主义。约瑟夫·考恩留下了令人敬畏的19世纪信件和文件集，为了解19世纪国内外的流行政治提供了罕见的见解。结合其他重要的英国政治收藏品和国际档案馆保存的相关文件进行研究，可以更完美地评估格拉斯顿自由党内部各派别之间错综复杂的关系。此外，考恩自己的报纸集将与其他地区性和全国性期刊一起进行详尽的审查，以帮助更广泛地了解媒体在撮合和维持19世纪政治联系方面的作用。考恩的政治将与其他激进活动中心、当代政治家和其他地方报纸的所有者进行比较分析。1884年后，一家独立的爱尔兰民族主义报纸的出现，在纽卡斯尔出版并在全国发行，为审查自治运动提供了一个未开发的来源，这场运动在19世纪70年代和80年代激发了考恩，后来分裂了自由党。1886年考恩退休后，激进主义在泰恩赛德相对消亡，这将被解释为庞大的爱尔兰少数群体新获得的独立，此后他们对自由党的政治支持变得可以协商，而不是自动的。

The proposal is to publish the first comprehensive study of the renowned radical Joseph Cowen Jnr. MP (1829 1900), who exerted a remarkable influence over national and international affairs. He was renowned for his revolutionary republicanism, his uncompromising defense of Irish nationalism and Home Rule, and his controversial opposition to Gladstone's imperial policies. He was a charismatic leader who wielded a powerful hold over the loyalties and affections of the Tyneside electorate; even after he was deselected by his local party they overwhelmingly supported his return to parliament as an independent member. On the international stage he was actively engaged in the American Civil War, Italian unification, and Polish and Hungarian liberation. These campaigns were personalised through his close friendship with Garibaldi, Mazzini, Kossuth and other prominent republicans. His powerbase was uniquely strengthened by his press empire. His newspapers attained a global distribution which served to anchor his local hegemony and enhance his profile in the United States and Europe.A study of Cowen's life and political career will advance the wider understanding of those who espoused radical beliefs and their working relationship 'other members of the Liberal Party. Although many studies of nineteenth century Liberal politics have been produced, significant gaps in our k, knowledge remain, particularly in the realm of regional politics. Equally, British radicalism has attracted a good deal of scholarly interest, particularly in the last decade or so when important new research was undertaken. Some of this work was biographical but has tended to focus upon the Chartist generation of radicals. Rather less is known about those activists, such as Cowen, whose political ideas were informed by late Chartism but who exerted their greatest influence during the Gladstonian era. Alone among comparable nineteenth century radicals Cowen has no substantial Presence in the historiography. The two biographies that were written in his lifetime were heroic accounts that lacked the requisite objectivity. A more recent biography suffers from the same emotional subjectivity and, while the author makes a valuable contribution to our knowledge of local radicalism, his treatment of Liberal party politics lacks depth and rigour. The proposed biography adopts an altogether more critical stance which will expose the many weaknesses and ambiguities in his character, particularly his Russophobia and later slide into imperialism.Joseph Cowen left behind a formidable collection of nineteenth century letters and documents which provide rare insights into the world of nineteenth century popular politics at home and abroad. Studied in conjunction with other important British political collections and relevant papers held in international archives, the intricate relationship between the various factions within the Gladstonian Liberal Party can be more perfectly evaluated. In addition, collections of Cowen's own newspapers will be exhaustively scrutinized alongside other regional and national journals to contribute to the wider understanding of the role of the press in brokering and sustaining nineteenth century political affiliations. Cowen's politics will be analysed comparatively with reference to other centres of radical activity, contemporary politicians and other proprietors of provincial newspapers. The emergence of an independent Irish nationalist press after 1884, published in Newcastle and circulated nationally, represents an untapped source for scrutinizing the Home Rule campaign which galvanlsed Cowen during the 1870s and 1880s, and later divided the Liberal party. The relative demise of radicalism on Tyneside after Cowen's retirement after 1886 will be explained in terms of the newfound independence of the large Irish minority whose political support for the Liberal Party thereafter became negotiable rather than automatic.