Civic ceremony and religion in Bruges 1300-1520

像中世纪后期的许多欧洲城镇一样，布鲁日见证了所有仪式、集体和公共形式的奉献的巨大扩张。文物的游行，礼拜仪式，节日庆祝活动，宗教捐赠和行会都激增。为什么会出现这种现象？这本书试图通过几条主要的调查路线来回答这个问题。利用这座城市丰富而未被充分利用的档案，研究布鲁日本身的宗教、政治、社会和经济状况。这些问题也需要在更广泛的比较框架内加以确定。布鲁日的市政当局是否创造了一种“公民宗教”和“身份”，就像据说意大利北方的市政当局所做的那样？本书将特别关注对当地邪教、游行和其他仪式的公民管理。与北方意大利的“城邦”不同，低地国家的城镇受君主统治。布鲁日与其统治者之间的礼仪关系将是本书追求的另一个主题。最近对勃艮第统治者使用宫廷场面和城市仪式的研究强调了国家对城市传统施加的压力，这些传统是如何为“戏剧国家”服务或传达国家权力的。本书旨在检验这些假设，并考察宫廷和城市在仪式层面上互动的其他方式，特别是在王子进入布鲁日的仪式中，所有这些主题都引发了更广泛的理论问题。首先，对邪教的公民管理的研究提出了关于宗教文化和社会条件之间的复杂关系以及两者如何相互作用的问题。布鲁日当局不得不与宗教机构和邪教打交道，这些机构和邪教都有自己的传统：这些都不能随意操纵。其次，研究布鲁日与统治者之间的仪式关系，需要考虑“仪式”与权力、“象征性沟通”与权力行使之间的关系。人类学的理论可以帮助澄清对这些问题的思考。但同时代人赋予游行和宗教象征的意义也需要充分探讨。在布鲁日的公民和教会档案中，丰富的材料有助于对中世纪晚期仪式的性质和功能进行研究。

Like many European towns during the later Middle Ages, Bruges witnessed a great expansion in all ceremonial, collective and public forms of devotion. Processions of relics, liturgical ceremonies, festive celebrations, religious endowments and guilds all proliferated. Why did this phenomenon occur? The proposed book seeks to provide answers to the question following several main lines of inquiry. The particular religious, political, social, and economic conditions in Bruges itself to be examined, using the rich and underexploited archives of the town. These issues also need to be set within a wider comparative framework. Did the town authorities in Bruges create a 'civic religion' and 'identity' in the same way that their counterparts in Northern Italy are said to have done? Civic management of local cults, processions and other ceremonies will be of particular interest in this book.Unlike the 'city states' of Northern Italy, towns in the Low Countries were subject to princely rule. The ceremonial relationship between Bruges and its rulers will be another theme pursued in this book. Recent research into the use made by Burgundian rulers of court spectacles and urban ceremonies has emphasised the pressure exerted by the state on urban traditions, how these were made to serve a 'theatre-state' or communicate state power. This book proposes to test these assumptions, and examine other ways in which court and city interacted at a ceremonial level, particularly in the Entry ceremonies that princes made into Bruges.All these themes prompt wider theoretical questions. Firstly, a study of civic management of cults raises questions about the complex relationship between religious culture and social conditions, and how the one interacted with the other. The Bruges authorities had to deal with religious institutions and cults, all with their own traditions: these could not be manipulated at will. Secondly, a study of the ceremonial relationship between Bruges and its rulers requires consideration of the relationship between 'ritual' and power, 'symbolic communication' and the exercise of authority. Anthropological theories can help to clarify thought on these problems. But the meanings that contemporaries attached to processions and religious symbolism also need to be fully explored. The wealth of material available in Bruges in both the civic and ecclesiastical archives helps to contextualise study of the nature and function of late medieval ceremonies.