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Ramesside High Temperature Industries: the production of glass, Egyptian blue and bronze in Late Bronze Age Egypt

拉美西斯高温工业：埃及青铜时代晚期玻璃、埃及蓝和青铜的生产

基本信息

批准号：
AH/E505627/1
负责人：
Thilo Rehren
金额：
$ 4.83万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE505627%2F1
关键词：
Ramesside Temperature Industries production glass

项目摘要

Copper was the most important metal in the Late Bronze Age (c 1500 to 1000 BC), and Egypt as one of the superpowers of the time had a considerable demand for this commodity, and products made from it.At Qantir-Piramesses we have unique evidence for a complex industrial estate where four major industries were interacting, all related to each other by the common use of copper as the key raw material. Large-scale bronze casting installations were set up to produce temple doors, military equipment and other objects of daily use; there are multiple sets of melting furnaces which held about 20 one-liter crucibles each at a time, to facilitate casting large objects. Another industry had specialized on the production of glass ingots, coloured red by copper oxide but otherwise operating within the tradition of glass-making originally imported from Mesopotamia. The third industry produced Egyptian blue, an artificial pigment for paintings and raw material for the production of vessels and small objects, which comprises about twenty percent copper oxide and requires advanced skills in the chemistry of copper to produce. The fourth closely connected industry focused on the production of faience. The excavations at Qantir by the Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim (1980 to 2002) have unearthed a vast amount of material evidence such as workshop waste, semi-finished materials and technical vessels used in the making and shaping of these three materials. Over the last twelve years, these different materials were identified and allocated to their respective industries and metallurgical-chemical processes, but further work is still necessary before the results can be published. In this project, the plan is to complete documentation, analysis and publication of the first two, bronze casting and glass making.For this, it is planned to spend several months of concentrated work on the assemblage, both in Egypt and in London, to complete the scientific analysis, interpretation and process reconstruction. The resulting volumes and specialist journal articles will not only present the direct evidence from Qantir, but relate it to the existing evidence for these technologies from elsewhere in Egypt and the Middle East and provide a comprehensive assessment of technical and organizational skills used in these two high temperature industries in the Egyptian Late Bronze Age.

铜是青铜时代晚期（约公元前1500年至公元前1000年）最重要的金属，埃及作为当时的超级大国之一，对这种商品及其制品有着相当大的需求。在Qantir-Piramesses，我们有独特的证据证明一个复杂的工业区，其中四个主要行业相互作用，所有行业都通过共同使用铜作为关键原材料而相互关联。大型的青铜铸造设施被建立起来，用于生产寺庙门、军事装备和其他日常用品;有多套熔炉，每次可容纳约20个一升的坩埚，以方便铸造大型物体。另一个行业专门生产玻璃锭，用氧化铜染成红色，但除此之外，还沿用了最初从美索不达米亚进口的玻璃制造传统。第三产业生产埃及蓝，这是一种用于绘画的人造颜料，也是生产船只和小物件的原材料，其中含有约20%的氧化铜，需要先进的铜化学技术来生产。第四个密切相关的行业集中在生产彩陶。希尔德斯海姆的佩利泽博物馆在Qantir的发掘（1980年至2002年）中出土了大量的物证，如车间废料、半成品材料和用于制造和塑造这三种材料的技术容器。在过去的12年里，这些不同的材料被确定并分配到各自的行业和农药化学过程中，但在结果公布之前仍有必要进一步工作。在这个项目中，计划完成前两个，青铜铸造和玻璃制作的文件，分析和出版。为此，计划在埃及和伦敦花费几个月的集中工作，以完成科学分析，解释和工艺重建。由此产生的卷和专业期刊文章将不仅呈现来自Qantir的直接证据，而且将其与埃及和中东其他地方的这些技术的现有证据相关联，并对埃及青铜时代晚期这两个高温行业中使用的技术和组织技能进行全面评估。