Armed Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001-2005) and Legal Constraints: Continuity and Change in International Humanitarian Law

国际人道法规范战争行为，包括平民和战俘的待遇。与国际法的其他分支一样，它以条约和“习惯法”为基础，后者是在国家的实践和法律的义务感的基础上随着时间的推移而演变和发展的。阿富汗（自2001年以来）和伊拉克（自2003年以来）的冲突引发了一系列围绕国际人道法的严重问题。为了理解国际人道法在保障战争受害者权利方面的有效性，确立可适用于这些国家的武装冲突和占领情况的习惯规则至关重要。本书项目旨在首次尝试对适用于国际和国内武装冲突的习惯规则进行连贯的理论分析，占领阿富汗和伊拉克。它试图回答两个重要的总体问题：如何确定习惯规则，以及我们如何解释确定这些规则的方法？本分析将涉及一些具体的关键问题，包括“非正规”部队被俘成员的地位和待遇，如阿富汗的基地组织和被占领伊拉克的敢死队战士，他们不符合《日内瓦第三公约》规定的战俘地位（《战俘公约》）;《日内瓦第四公约》保护平民规则的适用性1949年《平民公约》适用于这种“非正规”部队成员;这一理论项目的结果对于更好地理解国际人道主义法的框架至关重要，21”世纪后9月2日世界秩序中的现代国际人道主义法。希望这本专著将加强对武装冲突和占领期间所有战争受害者的有效保障。

International humanitarian law (IHL) regulates the conduct of warfare, including the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war (PoW). As with other branches of international law, it is based on treaties and "customary law", the latter having evolved and developed over time on the basis of both the practice and the sense of legal obligation of States. The conflicts in Afghanistan (since 200I) and Iraq (since 2003) have raised a number of serious issues around IHL. It is crucial to establish the customary rules that can be applied to situations of armed conflicts and occupation in these countries in order to understand the effectiveness of IHL in guaranteeing the rights of victims of war.This book project is intended to be the first attempt to provide a coherent theoretical analysis of the customary rules applicable to international and internal armed conflicts in relation to the situations of armed conflicts and occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq. It seeks to answer two important, overall questions: how should customary rules be identified, and how can we account for the methods by which they were identified? A number of specific key issues will be covered within this analysis, including the status and the treatment of captured members of "irregular" forces, such as the Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, and the Fedayeen fighters in occupied Iraq, who do not qualify for prisoners of war (PoW) status under the Third Geneva Convention (Prisoners of War Convention) of I 949; the applicability of the rules protecting civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention (Civilian Convention) of 1949 to members of such "irregular>forces; and the extent to which victims of violations of IHL can claim redress.The outcome of this theoretical project will be essential for a better understanding of the framework of modern IHL in the post­ September II world order in the 21" Century. It is hoped that this monograph will enhance the effective guarantees for all victims of war during the armed conflicts and occupation.