MRI Study of Normal Brain Development

许多障碍阻碍了儿童脑部疾病的神经影像学研究。这些问题包括，由于儿童遵守程序的能力有限，难以从儿童那里获得数据，缺乏适当的规范数据库来表征正常的大脑发育，并据此识别和测量异常的大脑发育，缺乏适当的图像分析工具来表征发育中的大脑变化，以及缺乏适当的手段来共享数据分析工具。

Many obstacles have impeded neuroimaging research on childhood brain disorders. These include difficulties in obtaining data from children given their limited ability to comply with procedures, the lack of an adequate normative data base with which to characterize normal brain development and against which to identify and measure aberrant brain development, the lack of adequate image analysis tools for characterizing developmental brain changes, and a lack of an adequate means for sharing data analytic tools. Four NIH Institutes (NICHD, NIMH, NINDS, and NIDA) have jointly sponsored a multi-center study to advance our understanding about how the brain develops in typical, healthy children and adolescents. This study is enrolling approximately 500 children, ranging from infancy to young adulthood, who are being seen at different time points over a six-year period at several clinical centers around the US. Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) of the brain are being performed and the imaging findings are being related to the results of standardized neuropsycological tests. This project serves several purposes: (1) to facilitate the study of normal human brain development; (2) to provide a necessary, representative, and reliable source of normal control data for studies of children with brain disorders and diseases; (3) to provide growth curves for normal brain anatomy; and (4) to aid in the development of pediatric neuroimaging tools. More information regarding this project can be found at the: "MRI Study of Normal Brain Development" website: http://www.brain-child.org/. Our role is to serve as a Diffusion Tensor Data Processing Center (DPC). This entails processing and analyzing all diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) data that is being acquired by the various Centers during the course of the study. Previously, we have been developing and implementing the DT-MRI data processing "pipeline". Specifically we developed procedures for sorting, displaying, and co-registering diffusion weighted images from which the DT-MRI data is computed. The image registration procedure accomplishes the tasks of removing the effects of subject motion and eddy current distortion as well as aligning the images to a given template with only one interpolation step, ensuring minimal data quality loss. We also proposed a new strategy for robust estimation of the diffusion tensor and quantities derived from it. We addressed the task of registering DT-MRI data to other structural MRI data contained in the database using rigid body and linear transformations and we are currently experimenting with several non-linear deformation strategies for Echo-Planar Image (EPI) distortion correction. In 2005 the project was awarded Neuroscience Blueprint funds to expand the DTI portion of the study. The original DTI data collection was limited to a 10-minute protocol performed on those subjects able to tolerate additional time in the scanner following the collection of the core structural MRI data. This expansion will increase the quality and quantity of data collected through a longer or an additional scanning session for older subjects, and through the addition of new subjects and scanning sessions for the younger cohort. Our group has designed the expanded DTI protocol and coordinated its implementation at each acquisition site. The sites are now succesfully acquiring DTI data with that protocol.