Divided Country: Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Italy

分裂的国家：二十世纪意大利的记忆和历史在过去的25年里，意大利的“记忆研究”有了很大的增长。这项工作往往是零碎的，很少在理论、方法或历史讨论中有充分的基础。它也常常是片面的，涉及到提升一组记忆而不是其他记忆。我的研究借鉴了历史资料，但也批判性地使用了其他流派的记忆，包括戏剧、电影、摄影、音乐、小说和纪录片。将广泛使用口述历史学家的工作--尤其是康尼(他的“分割记忆”概念是一个关键的概念)、帕塞里尼和波尔泰利。所有这些历史学家都致力于关于记忆和过去的有争议的问题(法西斯主义，战时大屠杀，1968)。口述历史尤其允许对记忆的主观性采取批判性的方法--它拥抱虚假记忆、自我表征和记忆的政治化。我的研究从一个主要论点开始，然后将其编入各种案例研究。我认为，意大利统一以来的所有历史都有分裂记忆的趋势。事件被以截然不同的方式解释，而事实本身也经常受到争议。对于发生了什么，为什么发生，以及如何记住发生的事情，几乎没有达成共识。本项目旨在通过审查各种案例研究来调查和解释这一现象。该项目将调查意大利分裂的历史(在特定历史事件造成的分裂和史学解释的分裂的意义上)与这种分裂和碎片化记忆的趋势之间的关系。分歧是领土上的，但也是政治和意识形态的。意大利的历史可以被解读为一系列内战，这些内战几乎产生了关于发生了什么、发生了什么以及如何记住的截然不同的观点。此外，自统一以来一直处于合法化危机阵痛中的国家的软弱角色，允许另一种愿景和反对意见出现并扎根。在整个研究过程中，将使用活着的记忆和死亡的记忆之间的区别。第一类包括纪念碑、历史书、证言、牌匾。这种记忆只有在保持内部记忆活着的情况下才有意义。死记忆可以帮助唤起活的记忆，但它不能取代它的位置。(波比奥)。只有当亲戚来拜访，或者创造，或者移动，或者在附近留下一些鲜花时，坟墓才具有意义。正是记忆点和主动记忆之间的相互作用创造了记忆或使其保持活力。冲突也算数。可以说，意大利非常缺乏共识，导致了关于记忆和遗忘问题的更多辩论和研究，让问题继续存在，而在其他社会，这些问题已经被载入史册。这里的记忆是以不同的方式看待的。个人和集体的私人记忆主要通过口述历史，但也通过日记、传记和自传。公众记忆将通过牌匾、周年纪念、纪念碑和其他各种因应重大和次要时刻而创建的“记忆场所”来分析。地点、空间和记忆之间的联系将与一些关键领域有关。这里的一个重要角色是国家，而记忆的政治使用一直是当代意大利的一个关键特征。然而，对国家和官方记忆策略的抵制也是一种无处不在的趋势。章节：1当代意大利的记忆和历史2殖民主义3移民4第一次世界大战5法西斯主义6抵抗7 1943年至19458从福伊比到萨拉热窝的大屠杀和大屠杀的记忆。东北9大经济奇迹，1950-70 10起义、革命、反动，1968-1980结论

Divided Country: Memory and History in Twentieth-Century ItalyContextThere has been a vast increase in 'memory study' in Italy over the last 25 years. This work has often been fragmentary and has seldom been adequately grounded in theoretical, methodological or historical discussion. Often, too, it has been one-sided, involved in the promotion of one set of memories over others. My research draws on historical sources but also makes critical use of memories in other genres, including theatre, cinema, photography, music, fiction and documentary. Extensive use will be made of the work of oral historians - above all Contini (whose concept of 'divided memory' is a key one), Passerini and Portelli. All of these historians have worked on controversial questions regarding memory and the past (fascism, wartime massacres, 1968). Oral history in particular allows for a critical approach to the subjectivity of memory - it embraces false memories, self-representation and the politicisation of memory. My research begins with one main argument, which is then woven into various case studies. I argue that all of Italian history since Unification has been marked by a tendency towards divided memory. Events have been interpreted in contrasting ways, and the facts themselves have often been contested. There has been very little consensus what happened, why it happened, and how to remember what happened. This project aims to investigate and explain this phenomenon through the examination of various case studies. The proejct will investigate the relations between Italy's divided history (in the sense both of the divisions created by specific historical events and divided historiographical interpretation) and this tendency towards divided and fragmented memory. Divisions have been territorial, but also political and ideological. Italy's history can be read as a series of civil wars which have almost produced contrasting ideas about what happened, and why, and how to remember. Moreover, the weak role of the state which has been in the throes of a legitimation crisis ever since Unification, has allowed alternative visions and oppositions to emerge and take root. Throughout the research use will be made of the distinction between living and dead memory. The first consists of memorials, history books, testimonies, plaques. This memory 'only makes sense if it serves to keep interior memory alive. Dead memory can help to elicit live memory, but it cannot take its place.' (Bobbio). A tomb only takes on meaning when it is visited by a relative, or created, or moved, or some flowers are left nearby. It is the interaction between memory sites and active remembering which creates memory or keeps it alive. Conflict also counts. It could be argued that the very lack of consensus in Italy has led to more debate and research over the issues of memory and forgetting, keeping issues alive where, in other societies, they have been consigned to the history books. Memory here is looked at in various ways. Individual and collective private memories are seen mainly through oral history but also via diaries, biographies and autobiographies. Public memories will be analysed through plaques, anniversaries, monuments and various other 'places of memory' created in response to moments of major and minor importance. Links between place, space and memory will be made in relation to a number of key areas. An important actor here is the state, and the political use of memory has been a key feature of contemporary Italy. However, resistance to the state, and to 'official' memory strategies, has also been an ever-present trend. Chapters:1 Memory and History in Contemporary Italy2 Colonialism3 Emigration4 World War One5 Fascism6 The Resistance7 Memories of Massacre and the Holocaust, 1943-19458 From the Foibe to Sarajevo. The North-East 9 Economic Miracle, 1950-70 10 Revolt, Revolution, Reaction, 1968-1980 Conclusion