The French Right in the Third Republic

我正在完成第三共和国时期法国右翼的第一部全面历史。这本书是二十年研究和阅读的成果，它运用当代的“文化方法”来分析政治史，同时又不牺牲时间的发展。第三共和国的一百多届政府中，几乎没有几届是明确的右翼政府。因此，右翼的故事往往被描述为一个不团结和失败的故事，其背后是一个“失败的现代化”的悲剧。“不合时宜的”宗教和宪法争论据说阻止了右翼建立一个团结的保守党，毒化了政治生活。雷蒙的《法国的法律》（Les Droites en France，1956，1981）是右翼历史学家必不可少的参考资料。他在书中将右翼的不团结解释为三种独特心态（天主教传统主义者、现代自由保守主义者和波拿巴主义者）持续存在的结果。尽管雷蒙的作品才华横溢，但他试图将个人运动融入他的图式的努力是不符合历史的，这一问题因现代化目的论的隐含使用而变得更加复杂。三卷本的《法国法律史》（Histoire des droites en France，Sirinelli编辑，1992年）并没有从根本上偏离雷蒙的故事，而是遵循了传统的政治史方法。例如，女性和性别是缺席的。虽然个人的贡献包含了重要的见解，但这本多作者的书未能提供一个连贯的年表。现有的叙述从关于“应该”发生什么的假设中推导出右翼历史的意义--也就是说，一个宪政保守党的出现--而我的书探讨了历史参与者的有争议的想法。我建立在G。Le Béguec对政治网络的研究，N。在此基础上，本文对1919-1924年英国议会辩论的分析和G. Noiriel关于民族认同的研究我将右翼的历史分为三个阶段：1870/1889年民粹主义右翼政治的顶峰1890/1928年议会制共和国的巩固，宪法权利的逐渐出现，以及右翼民粹主义的边缘化1928/1940年右翼民粹主义的重新出现。- 我认为，阶级和宗教的优先事项是不可分割的，在主角的脑海中，环境决定了他们的优先事项。我研究精英和流行的政治之间的关系，铭记给予“精英”和“流行”的有争议的含义。我认为历史学家低估了社会达尔文主义对右翼的重要性，以及它与拉马克主义和其他形式的生物政治学的关系。我认为，历史学家忽视了重商主义在塑造右翼的国内和国际政治中的作用。- 继勒贝盖克，我探讨了发展的战略，以确保公共事务进行的权利“最好的”。我发展了他的帐户表明，法国政治的不稳定性归因于矛盾的理解，如“最好的”，“能力”和“经验”。- 我表明，性别是右翼政治的组成部分，民主化和妇女参与右翼运动之间没有自动的关系。我表明，政治意识形态不仅是由传统的政治理论，但从概念，乍一看与政治无关-从管理科学的偏见，对居民的Midi。2、王权的衰落第三章.共和党右翼和第四联盟。民族主义5.贝儿时代6.第七次大战。8.第8章.第9章议会权利的危机维基百科目前还没有名为“维希及以后”的条目。

I am completing the first comprehensive history of the French Right in the Third Republic. It is the fruit of twenty years of research and reading, and uses contemporary 'cultural methods' to analyse political history, without sacrificing chronological development.Few of the over one hundred governments of the Third Republic were unambiguously right-wing. Consequently, the story of the right is often told as one of disunity and failure, underlying which is a tragedy of 'failed modernisation'. 'Anachronistic' religious and constitutional quarrels supposedly prevented the right from creating a united, conservative party, and poisoned political life.R. Rémond's Les Droites en France (1956, 1981) is the obligatory reference point for historians of the right. His book explained the disunity of the right as the consequence of the persistence of three unique mentalités (Catholic traditionalist, modern liberal-conservative, and Bonapartist). Notwithstanding its brilliance, Rémond's efforts to fit individual movements into his schema is unhistorical, a problem compounded by implicit use of modernisation teleologies. The three volume Histoire des droites en France (ed. Sirinelli, 1992) does not depart radically from Rémond's story, and follows a traditional political history approach. Women and gender are absent, for example. While individual contributions contain important insights, this multi-author book fails to provide a coherent chronology.Whereas existing accounts derive the meaning of the history of the right from assumptions concerning what 'ought' to have happened - that is, the emergence of a constitutional conservative party -, my book explores the contested ideas of historical actors. I build on G. Le Béguec's research into political networks, N. Rousselier's analysis of debate in the 1919-1924 parliament, and G. Noiriel's work on national identity. However, I question their assumption of a unified political culture.I divide the history of the right into three phases:1870/1889 the apogee of a populist right-wing politics1890/1928 the consolidation of the parliamentary republic, the gradual emergence of a constitutional right, and the marginalisation of right-wing populism1928/1940 the re-emergence of right-wing populismWithin this structure I highlight certain themes. - I argue that class and religious priorities were inseparable in the minds of protagonists, and that circumstances dictated which they prioritised.- I examine the relationship between elite and popular politics, bearing in mind the contested meanings given to 'elite' and 'popular'.- I argue that historians have underestimated the importance of Social Darwinism for the right, and its relationship to Lamarckianism and other forms of biopolitics.- I argue that historians have neglected the role of mercantilism in shaping the domestic and international politics of the right. - Following Le Béguec, I explore the strategies developed by the right to ensure that public affairs were conducted by 'the best'. I develop his account by showing that the instability of French politics owed something to contradictory understandings of terms such as 'the best', 'competence', and 'experience'. - I show that gender was integral to right-wing politics, and that there was no automatic relationship between democratisation and the participation of women in right-wing movements.- I show that political ideologies were constituted not just from traditional political theory, but from notions that at first sight have little to do with politics - from management science to prejudices against the inhabitants of the Midi.ChaptersIntroduction1. The Decline of Royalism 2. Boulangism 3. The Republican right and the Ralliement 4. Nationalism 5. The Belle époque 6. The Great War 7. The Bloc national 8. The Crisis of the Parliamentary Right 9. The Leagues Postscript:Vichy and Beyond.