Smart Injectable Nanoparticles (SIN)

第一阶段：磁性纳米颗粒和铁磁流体的制备和表征。在此，我们将在不同的x（Mossbauer-AAS-ICP）和y下，以不同的颗粒尺寸（1 nm-100 nm）和不同的粘度制备XxFe_（1-x）OOH，XxFe_（2-x）O_3，XxFe_（3-x）O_4，XxFe_（2-x）O_4和YyBa_（1-yXxFe_（12-x）O_（19）。它们可以是Fe基（例如BaFe 12 O 19）或Co基。石油基铁磁流体用作变压器中的介电流体（D-流体）。无论磁性纳米颗粒是在油（o）相还是在水（w）相中，它们允许测量油-水界面的表面张力（γ g（其中g=g（ro-rw）l2/4p 2，（ro-rw）是油相和水相之间的密度差）。此外，油相和水相的体积分数可以从铁磁流体界面的垂直位置推导出来。磁流变性能的测量提供了指进、扭矩的证据。Ca ~（2+）/Ba ~（2+）离子交换将（通过磁性的变化）揭示结垢电位的水平。在这里，我们将评估在第一阶段中得到的磁性纳米颗粒在油和水基流体中的在线井口分析。第三阶段：远程储层内分析。BP-UniS开发了水相和油相中的纳米颗粒，可以注入威尔斯油井，远距离控制结垢。通过对硅基微孔智能尘埃的光学探测，可以实现大气中的化学遥感。在这里，我们希望调查，理解，优化和部署智能磁性纳米粒子，可以在注入到油井威尔斯和注水威尔斯井后进行询问。在这里，我们将评估磁性纳米粒子制备和表征阶段I在油藏条件下与地磁监测（使用SIN涂覆的光纤）来感测流体储层相的阳离子浓度、水含量和油含量以及它们在储层内的时空分布，并因此确定它们允许勘探新油田的潜力，更好地估计储量并最大化/扩大现有威尔斯井的石油产量。第四阶段：田间试验。这种纳米技术的试验（当阶段I-III是令人鼓舞的）将在选定的BP油田进行。这些试验将通过油田服务提供商进行，该提供商将能够促进纳米颗粒的制造和供应，并监测其反应。为了便于操作，最初的试验将在陆地上进行，如英国的Wytch农场和美国的普鲁德霍湾。在现阶段，难以量化这些试验的成本，因为颗粒的制造成本和监测技术的成本是未知的。然而，一般来说，新技术的实地试验费用在30万至100万美元之间。因此，英国石油公司预计最初分配50万美元的预算用于进行第一次现场试验是合理的。

Phase I: Preparation and Characterisation of Magnetic nanoparticles and Ferrofluids. Here we will prepare XxFe1-xOOH, XxFe2-xO3, XxFe3-xO4, XxFe2-xO4 and YyBa1-yXxFe12-xO19 at various x (Mossbauer-AAS-ICP) and y with different particle sizes (1nm100nm) and changed viscosity. They can be Fe- (e.g. BaFe12O19) or Co/based. Petroleum-based ferro fluids are used as dielectric fluids (D-fluids) in transformers. Whether the magnetic nanoparticles are in the oil (o) or water (w) phase, they allow the surface tension (gamma g) of the oil-water interface to be measured because when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the ferrofluid interface it causes Cowley-Rosenberg peaks to appear at a separation of lambda l in the surface (where g=g(ro-rw)l2/4p2 and (ro-rw) is the density difference between oil and water phases). In addition the volume fractions of oil and water phases can be deduced from the vertical position of the ferrofluid interface. Measurements of magnetorheological properties provide evidence of fingering, torque. Ca2+/Ba2+ ion-exchange will (through the change in magnetic properties) reveal the level of scaling potential. Here we will evaluate the magnetic nanoparticles derived in phase I in oil- and water-based fluids for on-line well-head analysis. Phase III: Remote In-reservoir Analysis. BP-UniS have developed nanoparticles in aqueous and oil phases that can be injected into oil wells to control scale at a distance. Remote chemical sensing in the atmosphere can be achieved by optical interrogation of microporous Si-based smart dust. Here we wish to investigate, understand, optimise and deploy smart magnetic nanoparticles that can be interrogated after injection into oil-wells and water injection wells. Here we will evaluate the magnetic nanoparticles prepared and characterised in phase I in reservoir conditions with geomagnetic monitoring (using SIN-coated optical fibres) to sense cation concentrations, water contents and oil contents of fluid reservoir phases and their spatial-temporal distribution within the reservoir and hence determine their potential to allow exploration of new fields, better estimates of reserves and maximise/extend oil production from existing wells. Phase IV: Field Trials. Trials of this nanotechnology (when phases I-III are encouraging) will be undertaken at selected BP oil fields These trials would take place through an oilfield services provider who would be able to facilitate manufacture and supply the nanoparticles and monitor their response. For ease of operation, the initial trials would take place on land-based fields such as Wytch Farm in the UK and Prudhoe Bay in the USA. At this stage it is difficult to quantify the cost of these trials since the cost of manufacture of the particles and the cost of the monitoring technology is unknown. Generally, however, field trials of new technology cost in the region of $300,000 to $1 million. Therefore it would be reasonable for BP to expect to allocate initially a budget of 500,000 to perform the first field trial.