Cell Growth Signaling in Cancer Development

描述（由申请人提供）：生长是细胞积累质量并增大尺寸的过程。mTORC 1是一种蛋白激酶，由mTOR催化亚基和相关蛋白raptor和mLST 8组成，是调节生长以响应生长因子、营养素和应激的信号网络的中心组分。越来越明显的是，许多促癌病变激活mTORC 1通路。最值得注意的是，TSC 1-TSC 2肿瘤抑制复合物--其失活导致肿瘤倾向综合征多发性硬化综合征（TSC）和相关疾病淋巴管平滑肌瘤病（LAM）--是mTORC 1的主要负调节因子。TSC 1-TSC 2异二聚体是一种抑制rheb的GTP酶激活蛋白（GAP），rheb是一种通过一种知之甚少的机制激活mTORC 1的GTP结合蛋白。TSC 1-TSC 2和rheb对mTORC 1的激活也很重要，mTORC 1发生在失去PTEN、NF 1、LKB 1或p53肿瘤抑制因子的细胞中。我们建议解决我们对mTORC 1生物学理解的关键差距。首先，我们将确定激活mTORC 1的分子机制，以响应生长因子或TSC 1-TSC 2或PTEN的失活。第二，使用我们正在开发的小鼠模型，我们将严格测试mTORC 1在由PTEN失活引起的肿瘤发生中的作用。第三，我们将获得完整的mTORC 1和mTOR激酶结构域的结构信息。我们将通过利用生物化学，分子生物学，癌症小鼠模型和结构生物学的工具的多学科合作方法来实现我们的目标。我们相信，我们的研究结果很可能有重大的医疗意义的治疗多发性硬化症。了解TSC 1-TSC 2的失活如何激活mTORC 1对于合理开发TSC治疗是必要的。通过我们的动物模型，我们将获得一个明确的遗传答案，以抑制mTORC 1在肿瘤缺失PTEN的患者中的潜在价值。最后，我们的新型mTORC 1激酶测定的修改版本可用于抑制mTORC 1的小分子的高通量筛选，并且我们的结构工作将为mTOR激酶抑制剂的开发提供信息。 公共卫生相关性：生长是细胞和生物体积累质量并增加体积的过程。越来越明显的是，这一基本的生物学过程在常见的人类疾病中，特别是在癌症中被解除管制。在本申请中，我们提出研究哺乳动物中的主要生长调节剂之一，一种称为mTORC 1的几种蛋白质的复合物。我们建议阐明在癌症和正常细胞中激活mTORC 1的分子机制，以确定抑制mTORC 1是否可能是具有常见致癌基因改变的肿瘤的良好治疗方法，最后，确定mTORC 1的分子结构。我们提出的工作的总体目标是提高肿瘤学界合理利用mTORC 1治疗癌症的能力。我们预计，我们的工作将有助于了解哪些肿瘤类别应该用mTORC 1抑制剂治疗，有助于开发更特异的mTORC 1抑制剂，并发现可能成为未来药物开发目标的机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Growth is the process through which cells accumulate mass and increase in size. mTORC1 is a protein kinase composed of the mTOR catalytic subunit and the associated proteins raptor and mLST8 and the central component of a signaling network that regulates growth in response to growth factors, nutrients, and stress. It is increasingly apparent that many cancer-promoting lesions activate the mTORC1 pathway. Most notably, the TSC1-TSC2 tumor suppressor complex--whose inactivation causes the tumor- prone syndrome Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and the related disease Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)--is a major negative regulator of mTORC1. The TSC1-TSC2 heterodimer is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) that inhibits rheb, a GTP-binding protein that activates mTORC1 through a poorly understood mechanism. TSC1-TSC2 and rheb are also important for the activation of mTORC1 that occurs in cells that have lost the PTEN, NF1, LKB1, or p53 tumor suppressors. We propose to address key gaps in our understanding of mTORC1 biology. First, we will determine the molecular mechanisms that activate mTORC1 in response to growth factors or inactivation of TSC1- TSC2 or PTEN. Second, using mouse models we are developing, we will rigorously test the role of mTORC1 in tumorigenesis caused by inactivation of PTEN. Third, we will obtain structural information about intact mTORC1 and the mTOR kinase domain. We will accomplish our goals with a collaborative multi-disciplinary approach that exploits the tools of biochemistry, molecular biology, mouse models of cancer, and structural biology. We believe that our results are likely to have significant medical implications for the treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. An understanding of how the inactivation of TSC1-TSC2 activates mTORC1 is necessary for the rational development of therapies for TSC. With our animal models we will obtain a definitive genetic answer to the potential value of inhibiting mTORC1 in patients with tumors missing PTEN. Lastly, modified versions of our novel mTORC1 kinase assay may be useful for the high- throughput screening of small molecules that inhibit mTORC1 and our structural work will inform the development of inhibitors of the mTOR kinase. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Growth is the process through which cells and organisms accumulate mass and increase in size. It is increasingly apparent that this basic biological process is deregulated in common human diseases, most notably in cancer. In this application we propose to study one of the major growth regulators in mammals, a complex of several proteins called mTORC1. We propose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that activate mTORC1 in cancer and normal cells, to determine if inhibiting mTORC1 is likely to be a good treatment for tumors that have a common cancer-causing genetic alteration, and, lastly, to determine the molecular structure of mTORC1. The overall goal of our proposed work is to increase the capacity of the oncology community to rationally exploit mTORC1 in the treatment of cancer. We anticipate that our work will help understand which tumor classes should be treated with mTORC1 inhibitors, aid in the development of more specific mTORC1 inhibitors, and lead to the discovery of mechanisms that may be targets for future drug development.