SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE GLOBAL OCEANS

全球海洋表面温度

• 批准号: NE/D00117X/1
• 负责人: Christopher Merchant
• 金额: $ 8.39万
• 依托单位: University of Leicester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2006 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FD00117X%2F1
• 关键词: SURFACE; TEMPERATURE; GLOBAL; OCEANS

We need to know more accurately how the surface temperature of Earth is changing, because of concerns about climate change. Since most of Earth is covered in water, ocean temperatures are a major component of global temperatures. But vast areas of ocean are rarely visited by shipping or buoys and are sparsely measured, so estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) from infrared sensors on satellites in space are essential to getting a global picture. Satellite SSTs, however, are prone to errors (biases) that mean they have not been stable enough to use to study decadal temperature trends. Since 1991, a series of sensors (the Along Track Scanning Radiometers, or 'ATSRs') have been flown on European satellites. These sensors have been more carefully calibrated and are more stable than any similar instruments. Over recent years, careful research has shown how to obtain SSTs from the ATSRs that we can be confident have biases less than about one tenth of a degree globally. Remarkably, this has been done by performing computer simulations of ATSR observations based on the physics of radiation and how it interacts with matter. This is useful, because it gives confidence that the ATSR SST estimates are valid globally, even in regions where there are few direct measurements available to check them against; this is in contrast to other satellite SSTs that are not independent of direct measurements. In this project, the observations from the ATSRs will be re-worked using new state-of-the-art techniques, which are aimed at minimizing errors, and, where errors remain, understanding those errors thoroughly. We expect the SSTs we finally obtain to be sufficiently stable, accurate and independent to be used for climate research. The new SST record we create will significantly improve our assessment of changes in data-sparse seas; and in regions where temperatures are measured by shipping, etc, the new satellite SSTs may even be able to give us insight into the errors in these direct measurements. We will create a new synthesis of all SST observations, including the new satellite SSTs. This will be used at the Hadley Centre to revise the best estimates of the global pattern and rate of climate change over recent decades, and to better attribute observed climate change to its causes. These results will be useful in various contexts. It will allow government policy to be formulated on the basis of better information about climate change, and will feed into intergovernmental assessments about climate change science. Marine surface temperatures are useful to the Royal Navy for planning operations, which can be anywhere in the world. The SSTs will be used by scientists looking at the transfer of heat and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Ocean forecasting centres use measurements of SST by ships, etc, to keep their ocean model on track with reality, so better understanding of the errors in these inputs from this project will benefit ocean forecasting too.

出于对气候变化的担忧，我们需要更准确地了解地球表面温度的变化情况。由于地球大部分被水覆盖，海洋温度是全球温度的主要组成部分。但是，船舶或浮标很少访问广阔的海洋区域，并且很少进行测量，因此通过太空卫星上的红外传感器估计海面温度（SST）对于获得全球图像至关重要。然而，卫星SST容易出现误差（偏差），这意味着它们不够稳定，无法用于研究十年温度趋势。自1991年以来，一系列传感器（沿着轨迹扫描辐射计，或“ATSR”）已在欧洲卫星上飞行。这些传感器经过更仔细的校准，比任何类似的仪器都更稳定。近年来，仔细的研究表明，如何从ATSR中获得SST，我们可以确信全球范围内的偏差小于十分之一。值得注意的是，这是通过基于辐射物理学及其如何与物质相互作用对ATSR观测进行计算机模拟来实现的。这是有用的，因为它提供了信心，ATSR SST估计是有效的全球范围内，即使在地区有几个直接测量可供检查他们对;这是在对比其他卫星SST不是独立的直接测量。在这个项目中，来自ATSR的观测将使用新的最先进的技术进行重新处理，这些技术旨在最大限度地减少错误，并且在错误仍然存在的情况下，彻底了解这些错误。我们希望我们最终获得的SST足够稳定，准确和独立，可用于气候研究。我们创建的新SST记录将显著改善我们对数据稀疏海域变化的评估;在通过航运等测量温度的地区，新的卫星SST甚至可以让我们深入了解这些直接测量的误差。我们将创建一个新的合成所有SST观测，包括新的卫星SST。哈德利中心将利用这一数据来修订对近几十年来全球气候变化模式和速度的最佳估计，并更好地将观测到的气候变化归因于其原因。这些结果将在各种情况下是有用的。它将使政府能够根据更好的气候变化信息制定政策，并将为政府间气候变化科学评估提供信息。海洋表面温度对皇家海军规划行动是有用的，这些行动可以在世界任何地方进行。科学家们将使用SST来研究大气和海洋之间的热量和气体传输。海洋预报中心使用船舶等对SST的测量，使其海洋模型与现实保持一致，因此更好地了解该项目输入的误差也将有利于海洋预报。

项目成果

Intercomparison of long-term sea surface temperature analyses using the GHRSST Multi-Product Ensemble (GMPE) system

• DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.12.015
• 发表时间: 2019-03-01
• 期刊: REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT
• 影响因子: 13.5
• 作者: Fiedler, Emma K.;McLaren, Alison;Donlon, Craig
• 通讯作者: Donlon, Craig