Thermal tolerances of Arctic and temperate marine ectotherms under varying rates of change

生物对环境变化的反应目前主要通过两种不同的方法来解决。有对物种范围和范围变化的观察性研究，其次有对实验中应对变化的能力的实验室调查。前者的缺点是缺乏对生物属性如何匹配环境条件和这些条件下的变化的详细理解。后者受到时间尺度和变化率问题的困扰，因为实验的持续时间较短，利用的变化比绝大多数观察到或预测到的自然环境变化更快。为了弥补这一差距，在南极海洋物种的研究中进行了明显不同的温度上升速率，从急性（1摄氏度）到长期适应（几个月的生存温度）。在这些实验中，物种的最高温度极限随着暴露时间的延长呈指数下降，例如急性极限在8.4℃至17.8℃之间，而几个月的生存温度仅在1.0℃至6.0℃之间。外推表明，“平均”物种一年的生存温度将在+2摄氏度到+3摄氏度之间。然而，南极海洋物种明显是低温的，对温度上升很敏感。迫切需要其他地区物种的类似数据。这项研究将调查北极和温带（英国）地区动物应对变化的能力如何随不同的变化速率而变化。将评估来自不同营养行会的不同动物群体（食肉动物、食腐动物、食草动物和悬浮食性动物），以确定在不同群体和具有不同活动和有氧范围水平的物种中生存的不同能力。还将获得关于各种生活史特征如何受此影响的数据，预期的假设是胚胎和幼虫阶段将明显比成虫更敏感。具体来说，将在不同的实验温度升高制度下评估生存极限、执行基本生物功能的能力以及胚胎和幼虫的生存能力，从急性（1天1摄氏度）到中期（每周温度变化）到适应（数月至数年的长期生存）制度。通过与对照组（无温度升高）比较适应高温的胚胎和幼虫的耐受性，评价F1的适应效果。

Organism responses to changing environments are currently primarily addressed using two divergent approaches. There are observational studies of range and changes in range of species and secondly there are laboratory investigations of capacities to cope with change in experiments. The former suffer from a lack of detailed understanding of how organism attribute matches environmental conditions and variation in those conditions. The latter suffers from timescale and rate of change problems because experiments are conducted over shorter durations and utilise more rapid change than the vast majority of natural environmental change either observed or predicted. In an attempt to bridge the gap studies in Antarctic marine species have been carried out at markedly varying rates of temperature rise from acute (1C day-1) to long-term acclimated (temperatures for survival of several months). Upper temperature limits for species in these experiments decline exponentially with duration of exposure, such that acute limits are between 8.4C and 17.8C, whereas survival over periods of months only occurs at temperatures of 1.0C to 6.0C. Extrapolation suggests survival temperatures for a year for an 'average' species would be between +2C and +3C. Antarctic marine species are, however, markedly stenothermal and sensitive to rising temperature. There is an acute need for similar data for species from other regions. This study will investigating how abilities to cope with change vary with differing rates of change in animals from Arctic and temperate (UK) localities. Different groups of animals from different trophic guilds (carnivores, scavengers, grazers and suspension feeders) will be assessed to identify differing capacities to survive in different groups and in species with differing activity and aerobic scope levels. Data will also be obtained on how various life history characters are affected by this, with the expected hypothesis that embryonic and larval phases will be markedly more sensitive than adults. Specifically survival limits, abilities to perform essential biological functions and viability of embryos and larvae will be assessed in differing regimes of experimental temperature elevation from acute (1C day-1) through medium term (weekly temperature changes) to acclimated (long-term survival for months to years) regimes. Tolerances of embryos and larvae of specimens acclimated to elevated temperature will also be compared with control groups (no temperature elevation) to evaluate F1 adaptation effects.