Effects of warming on recruitment and marine benthic community development in Antarctica

变暖对南极洲补充和海洋底栖群落发展的影响

• 批准号: NE/J007501/1
• 负责人: Lloyd Peck
• 金额: $ 65.01万
• 依托单位: British Antarctic Survey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ007501%2F1
• 关键词: Effects; warming; recruitment; marine; benthic

One of the most important current questions in science, and one of the issues of most concern to society and decision makers is how life and biodiversity on Earth will respond to climate change (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN convention on Biological Diversity). Scientists and policymakers recognise that ecosystem level predictions of responses to change are particularly important. These types of predictions are a fundamental requirement for the future management of biodiversity, agricultural and fisheries concerns. However, evaluations of likely responses to change at the ecosystem level are rare and fraught with difficulty. To date predictions of responses to change in animals have been primarily at the species level and based around 2 approaches. The first uses current species ranges (climate envelope models) and then predicts future ranges by assessing where similar conditions are likely to be from climate models. The second approach evaluates an organism's physiological capacity to cope with experimentally altered conditions in the laboratory. Both approaches have significant problems when scaling up beyond the species. Climate envelope approaches suffer from a lack of knowledge of adaptation rates and genetic and functional tolerance differences within and between populations. They also have problems because site-specific conditions often differ significantly from the average environments that most climate envelope models use. Physiological tolerance approaches are limited because they predominantly evaluate small numbers of species and because experimental rates of change are usually much faster than natural change. Both approaches suffer from a lack of characterisation of how ecological factors such as competition and predation will change. They also both need an increase of scale to be more relevant. A key requirement is to improve understanding of assemblage or community level processes and responses. In the terrestrial environment, and for microbial communities this problem has been extensively addressed, mainly via field manipulation of conditions and through the use of laboratory based systems such as the ecotron. In marine studies, field-based approaches to investigating both organism responses and community level effects of warming are scarce, especially for marine benthic animals. Here we are proposing to use novel technology, developed over the last 3 years at the British Antarctic Survey, to overcome many of these problems and provide data not previously obtainable. We plan to deploy heated settlement panels alongside unheated controls at 3 sites near the Rothera research station in the Antarctic. At each site two treatments will have heated panels set at a constant 1C and 2C above ambient (to match roughly 50 and 100 year oceanic warming predictions). A third treatment will have seasonal heating to match 100 year predictions for local conditions. The approach of using heated panels in marine environments has not been previously used because of the technical difficulty of maintaining elevated temperatures in the sea. Working on slow-growing small encrusting species on the seabed allows this to be done where it is not possible elsewhere.

当前科学界最重要的问题之一，也是社会和决策者最关心的问题之一是地球上的生命和生物多样性将如何应对气候变化（千年生态系统评估，联合国生物多样性公约）。科学家和政策制定者认识到，生态系统层面对变化反应的预测尤为重要。这些类型的预测是未来管理生物多样性、农业和渔业问题的基本要求。然而，对生态系统层面变化的可能反应的评估很少而且充满困难。迄今为止，对动物变化反应的预测主要是在物种层面，并基于两种方法。第一个使用当前的物种范围（气候包络模型），然后通过评估气候模型中可能出现的类似条件来预测未来的范围。第二种方法评估生物体应对实验室中实验改变的条件的生理能力。当扩展到物种之外时，这两种方法都存在重大问题。气候包线方法缺乏对适应率以及种群内部和种群之间的遗传和功能耐受性差异的了解。它们还存在问题，因为特定地点的条件通常与大多数气候包络线模型使用的平均环境有很大不同。生理耐受性方法是有限的，因为它们主要评估少量物种，并且实验变化率通常比自然变化快得多。这两种方法都缺乏对竞争和捕食等生态因素如何变化的描述。它们还需要扩大规模才能更具相关性。一个关键要求是提高对集合或社区级别流程和响应的理解。在陆地环境中，对于微生物群落来说，这个问题已得到广泛解决，主要是通过现场条件控制和使用基于实验室的系统（例如ecotron）。在海洋研究中，用于调查变暖的生物体反应和群落水平影响的实地方法很少，特别是对于海洋底栖动物。在这里，我们建议使用英国南极调查局过去三年开发的新技术来克服其中许多问题，并提供以前无法获得的数据。我们计划在南极罗瑟拉研究站附近的 3 个地点部署加热沉降板和不加热控制装置。每个地点都有两个处理装置，将加热面板设置为比环境温度恒定 1 摄氏度和 2 摄氏度（以匹配大约 50 年和 100 年海洋变暖的预测）。第三种处理方法是季节性供暖，以符合当地条件 100 年的预测。由于在海洋中维持高温的技术困难，在海洋环境中使用加热板的方法以前从未被使用过。对海底生长缓慢的小型结壳物种进行研究，可以在其他地方无法做到的地方做到这一点。

项目成果

Response to van der Meer

对范德米尔的回应

• DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.066
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Current Biology
• 影响因子: 9.2
• 作者: Ashton G

Life in Extreme Environments: Insights in Biological Capability

极端环境中的生活：生物能力的见解

• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Clark M

Life in the intertidal: Cellular responses, methylation and epigenetics

• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13077
• 发表时间: 2018-08-01
• 期刊: FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Clark, Melody S.;Thorne, Michael A. S.;Peck, Lloyd S.
• 通讯作者: Peck, Lloyd S.

Adaptations, evolution and the stress response in non-model species

非模式物种的适应、进化和应激反应

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Clark, MS