Development of a Porcine Model of Atherosclerosis

描述（由申请人提供）：动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病的主要原因，心血管疾病是美国最常见的死亡原因。动脉粥样硬化的特征是脂质、胆固醇、钙沉积和细胞碎片在血管壁上积聚，并导致斑块形成、动脉阻塞和器官血流量减少。这些斑块经常破裂，引起心肌梗死、中风或死亡。主要的危险因素包括血脂水平升高、高血压和糖尿病。目前的治疗策略是通过药理学方法改变患者的生活方式/饮食和降低胆固醇。手术干预与医疗设备，如支架用于晚期病例。虽然这些治疗方法使许多患有这种疾病的患者受益，但它们远非理想。其中一个原因是，目前还没有一种药物或设备被开发出来，并在一个模型系统中进行测试，以准确地再现所治疗的疾病。缺乏精确复制人类动脉粥样硬化所有表现的动物模型一直是开发这种致命疾病的有效疗法的主要障碍。已经建立了几种具有脂蛋白代谢重要基因突变的小鼠模型，尽管这些模型提供了信息，但它们不能发展为典型的人类疾病的复杂动脉粥样硬化病变。与小鼠相比，猪心血管系统的生理和解剖结构与人类非常相似。事实上，猪长期以来一直被用作心血管疾病的模型，并且猪的低密度脂蛋白受体（LDLR）基因自然发生突变，因此具有升高的低密度脂蛋白，已经有报道。虽然高胆固醇血症猪是一个有吸引力的模型，但突变的温和性质，疾病的高可变性以及其他研究人员的有限获取阻碍了它在研究界的广泛应用。因此，该项目的最终目标是开发和商业化一种基因靶向的猪动脉粥样硬化模型。本提案特别概述了具有破坏的LDLR基因的猪成纤维细胞的发展。构建基因靶向载体，破坏LDLR的编码区。携带LDLR靶向载体的病毒会感染猪胎儿成纤维细胞。我们的目标细胞生成计划旨在最大化同源重组的频率，最小化随机整合，最小化目标细胞收获前的细胞传代次数。后续工作将使用这些细胞进行体细胞核移植，以产生猪动脉粥样硬化模型。这种动物模型将为学术和工业研究界提供一个机会，以更好地了解这种疾病及其发病机制，并开发和测试新的治疗方法和预防策略。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is the most common cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, calcium deposits, and cellular debris in vessel walls, and results in plaque formation, arterial obstruction, and diminished blood flow to organs. These plaques often rupture, causing myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. The main risk factors include elevated lipid levels, hypertension, and diabetes. Current treatment strategies are directed at changing patient lifestyle/diet and decreasing cholesterol via pharmacological methods. Surgical interventions with medical devices such as stents are used for advanced cases. While these therapeutic approaches have benefited many patients with this disease, they are far from ideal. One reason is that no drug or device is actually developed and tested in a model system that accurately recreates the disease being treated. The lack of an animal model that accurately replicates all of the manifestations of human atherosclerosis has been a major barrier to the development of effective therapies for this deadly disease. Several mouse models have been generated with mutations in genes important for lipoprotein metabolism, and while these models have been informative, they fail to develop the complex atherosclerotic lesions that are typical of the human disease. In contrast to mice, the physiology and anatomy of the porcine cardiovascular system closely resembles that of humans. In fact, pigs have long been used as models of cardiovascular disease, and pigs with naturally occurring mutations in their LDL receptor (LDLR) gene, and therefore possessing elevated LDL, have been reported. Although the hypercholesterolemic pig is an attractive model, the mild nature of the mutation, the high variability of the disease and the limited access by other researchers prevents its wide use in the research community. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this project is to develop and commercialize a gene- targeted porcine model of atherosclerosis. This proposal specifically outlines the development of porcine fibroblasts with a disrupted LDLR gene. A gene targeting vector will be constructed to disrupt the coding region of LDLR. Pig fetal fibroblasts will be infected with a virus carrying the LDLR targeting vector. Our plans for generating properly targeted cells are designed to maximize the frequency of homologous recombination, minimize random integration, and minimize the number of cell passages before targeted cells are harvested. Subsequent work will use these cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce a porcine model of atherosclerosis. This animal model will provide academic and industrial research communities with an opportunity to better understand the disease and its pathogenesis and to develop and test new therapeutics and preventative strategies. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This proposal specifically outlines the development of porcine fibroblasts with a disrupted LDLR gene as a first step towards a new model of atherosclerosis. Subsequent work will use these cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce pigs with elevated cholesterol. This animal model will provide academic and industrial research communities with an opportunity to better understand cardiovascular disease and its pathogenesis, and to develop and test new therapeutics and preventative strategies.