Parenting and Adolescents: A Pooled Data Analysis of Ethnically Diverse Families

描述（由申请人提供）：在青少年时期的成就和心理健康方面的种族差异，其中来自非洲裔美国人、西班牙裔、美洲印第安人和亚洲背景的少数民族青年相对于他们的欧美同龄人而言，学业和心理健康结果较差的风险较高，这是有充分记录的。这些差异表明，了解最有效地保护青少年免受适应不良后果影响的教养方式中潜在的种族差异，以及那些将他们置于危险境地的教养方式，是至关重要的。然而，在美国亚文化群体中，养育子女的各个方面是否相似或不同，研究人员几乎没有达成共识，最常见的是根据种族-民族群体成员来划分。比较研究不能始终将种族/民族差异与社会经济、家庭或邻里因素造成的潜在混淆差异区分开来。而且，研究很少包括对文化过程的测量，这些测量允许对文化因素（信仰、目标或价值取向）的先验假设进行测试，这些因素可能是种族群体在父母影响方面差异的基础。因此，本研究的中心目标是通过将来自多个数据集的数据汇总到一个单一的数据集来解决以前的研究局限性，该数据集由不同种族的家庭、广泛的育儿措施、青少年的行为、学业成绩和自我认知以及人口统计学、家庭和社区控制组成。这种混合数据分析策略同时包括并能够测试(a)多个种族群体，(b)养育子女和发展结果的可比措施，(c)可能混淆经验关系的家庭、社会经济和社区因素的可比控制，最重要的是，(d)评估基于文化的价值观、信仰或社会认知的方法，这些方法可能是发现养育子女后果中种族和种族差异的基础。通过文化、种族和民族研究小组（SGRCE）的10名成员和4个附属机构的协同工作，本研究的中心目标是：(1)：汇总来自11个数据集的数据(9个属于研究小组成员；2个公共使用数据集)整合成一个单一的数据集，该数据集包含来自五个种族群体（欧洲裔美国人、非洲裔美国人、华裔美国人、墨西哥裔美国人和美洲印第安人）的大样本参与者，广泛的育儿措施，青少年的行为和学术成果，以及他们的自我认知（自尊和种族认同），以及人口、家庭、(2)评价核心教养构念（温情、行为控制、心理控制、文化社会化）与青少年适应（内化、外化、学业成就）之间关系的概念模型，其中自尊和种族认同作为重要中介；(3)研究允许核心教养变量之间的相互关系以及父母教养与青少年自我认知和适应之间的相互关系在不同种族之间是否存在差异的模型比限制相互关系相等的模型更适合数据；(4)利用关于父母教养与青少年结果之间关系的汇总数据分析结果，对出现的差异背后的文化过程产生假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Ethnic-racial disparities in achievement and mental health during adolescence, in which ethnic minority youth from African American, Hispanic, American Indian, and Asian backgrounds are at elevated risk for poor academic and mental health outcomes relative to their European American counterparts are well documented. Such disparities suggest that it is crucial to understand the potential ethnic-racial variations in the components of parenting that most effectively protect youth from maladaptive outcomes versus those that place them at risk. However, there is little consensus among researchers regarding whether varied aspects of parenting operate similarly or differently across sub-cultural groups within the United States, most commonly delimited in terms of racial-ethnic group membership. Comparative studies do not consistently disentangle differences due to race/ethnicity from potentially confounding differences due to socioeconomic, family, or neighborhood factors. And studies rarely include measures of cultural processes that permit a test of a-priori hypotheses regarding cultural factors (beliefs, goals, or value orientations) that may underlie ethnic group differences in parental influences. Thus, the central aim of this study is address previous research limitations by aggregating data from multiple datasets into a single data set that is comprised of ethnically diverse families, extensive measures of parenting, and youths' behavioral, academic outcomes, and self-perceptions alongside demographic, family, and neighborhood controls. This pooled data analytic strategy simultaneously includes and enables the testing of (a) multiple ethnic groups, (b) comparable measures of parenting and of developmental outcomes, (c) comparable controls for family, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors that may confound empirical relationships and, most importantly, (d) methods for assessing cultural based values, beliefs, or social cognitions that may underlie ethnic-racial differences in parenting consequences, when found. Through the collaborative work of the 10 members and 4 affiliates of the Study Group on Culture, Race, and Ethnicity (SGRCE) , the central aims of the study are: (1): To aggregate data from 11 datasets (9 belonging to study group members; 2 public use datasets) into a single dataset that contains large samples of participants from five ethnic groups (European American, African American, Chinese-origin, Mexican American, and American Indian), extensive measures of parenting, and youths' behavioral and academic outcomes, and also their self- perceptions (self-esteem and ethnic identity) along with demographic, family, and neighborhood variables that will be used as controls (2) To evaluate a conceptual model that specifies inter- relationships between core parenting constructs (warmth, behavioral control, psychological control, cultural socialization) and youths' adjustment (internalizing, externalizing, academic achievement) , including self-esteem and ethnic identity as important mediators, (3) To examine whether models that allow inter-relationships among core parenting variables and between parenting and youths' self perceptions and adjustment to vary across ethnic groups fit the data better than ones in which inter-relationships are constrained to be equal and (4) To utilize findings from the pooled-data analysis regarding relationships between parenting and adolescent outcomes to generate hypotheses regarding cultural processes underlying differences that emerge. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The well-documented ethnic-racial disparities in achievement and mental health during adolescence argue for the need to understand the potential ethnic-racial variations in the components of parenting that most effectively protect youth from maladaptive outcomes versus those that place them at risk. This project examines the inter-relationships among parenting and youths' behavioral, academic outcomes, and self-perceptions alongside demographic, family, and neighborhood controls through the use of a pooled-meta pooled data analytic strategy. In light of the focus of intervention/prevention programs on parent training, this research will inform scholars and practitioners in regards to increased understanding of potential ethnic-racial variations in the components of parenting that most effectively protect youth from maladaptive outcomes versus those that place them at risk.