Generation of a comprehensive panel of reagents for research on scavenger recepto

描述(申请人提供)：先天免疫系统是利用可溶性成分和细胞防御的宿主防御的合作网络。先天免疫识别的核心是模式识别受体(PRR)，它识别通常不存在于健康宿主中的病原体衍生物或改变的自身成分。许多PRRs家族已经被发现，包括定义明确的Toll样受体和NOD样受体(TLR和NLRs)。除了这些分子外，另一个PRR大家族是清道夫受体蛋白家族。清道夫受体(SRS)是结构无关的受体，具有与多阴离子配体结合的能力。这个简单的定义掩盖了SRs的重要性，因为PRRs-SRs是典型的多功能受体，通常能够结合病原体和自身来源的配体。在巡视病原体进入的潜在门户的细胞上发现SR，如内皮细胞和吞噬细胞，包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和小胶质细胞。不同的细胞表达不同的PRR谱系，包括SRs，为它们提供了由细胞类型和起源组织共同定义的独特的PRR特征。一些SRs除了作为吞噬/内吞受体发挥作用外，还可以与其他PRRs家族(如TLRs)独立或协同地发出信号，以对病原体做出反应。因此，通过组合信号，SRS有助于微调病原体的特异性反应。此外，SRs是修饰的内源性配体的主要受体，提供了天然免疫激活和不育性炎症性疾病之间的联系。然而，尽管SRS在病原体识别中的重要性以及这些分子在炎症中的新作用的出现，清道夫受体生物学领域已经明显落后于TLRs和NLRs。具体地说，缺乏研究SRS的几种基本试剂，因此限制了对其中许多分子的体外和体内研究。在这里，我们建议重点开发基于清道夫受体的试剂。具体地说，我们建议开发以下试剂：1)促进SR生物学和SR-配体相互作用的研究；2)抑制SRS在配体摄取和信号传递中的功能；3)利用不同免疫细胞表达的SRS将纳米颗粒试剂运送到体内特定的细胞亚群。 相关性(见说明)：对病原体的免疫防御是在微生物被模式识别受体识别后启动的。清道夫受体(SRS)是这类受体的一个重要家族，参与对多种病原体的保护作用。了解SRS在免疫中的作用对于推进疫苗开发和开发针对生物防御和新出现的传染病的新疗法至关重要。我们建议建立一个全面的试剂小组，以促进对这些重要的先天免疫受体的研究

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The innate immune system is a cooperative network of host defenses that utilizes both soluble components and cellular defenses. Central to innate immune recognition are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen derivatives or altered-self components normally absent from the healthy host. Numerous families of PRRs have been identified including the well-defined Toll-like and Nod-like receptors (TLR and NLRs). In addition to these molecules another large family of PRRs are the scavenger receptor family of proteins. Scavenger receptors (SRs) are structurally unrelated receptors that share the ability to bind polyanionic ligands. This simple definition belies the importance of SRs as PRRs - SRs are archetypal multifunctional receptors, often able to bind ligands of both pathogen and self-origin. SRs are found on cells that patrol potential portals of pathogen entry such as endothelial cells and phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and microglia. Different cells express distinct repertoires of PRR including SRs providing them with a unique PRR signature, defined by both the cell type and the tissue of origin. In addition to functioning as phagocytic/endocytic receptors, some SRs can both signal independently and cooperatively with other families of PRRs such as the TLRs to respond to pathogens. Thus, through combinatorial signaling, SRs help fine-tune pathogen-specific responses. In addition, SRs are the major class of receptors for modified endogenous ligands providing a link between innate immune activation and sterile inflammatory diseases. However, despite the importance of SRs in pathogen recognition and the emergence of new roles for these molecules in inflammation, the field of scavenger receptor biology has significantly lagged behind that of TLRs and NLRs. Specifically, several essential reagents to study SRs are lacking and hence have limited the study of many of these molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Here we propose to focus on developing scavenger-receptor based reagents. Specifically we propose to develop reagents that 1) will facilitate studies of SR biology and SR-ligand interactions, 2) inhibit the function of SRs in ligand uptake and signaling and 3) that will utilize the SRs expressed by different immune cells to deliver nanoparticle based reagents to specific subpopulations of cells in vivo. RELEVANCE (See instructions): Immune defense against pathogens is initiated after microbial recognition by pattern recognition receptors. Scavenger receptors (SRs) are an important family of such receptors, involved in protection against diverse pathogens. Understanding the role of SRs in immunity is crucial to advance vaccine development and to generate new therapeutics for biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. We propose to generate a comprehensive panel of reagents to facilitate study of these important innate immune receptors