Role of Norms, Beliefs, and Practices in Effective Prevention with Heterosexual P

描述（由申请人提供）：艾滋病毒/艾滋病文献已经解决了规范性信念对性风险行为的影响，尽管在这一领域进行了更多的理论研究。人们认为，男子和妇女都认为男子优越，男子的男子气概和性能力很重要，这与较高频率的危险行为有关（Amaro，2000年; Gsmez，1996年; Gupta，2002年）。这是一项拟议研究的修订应用，该研究将调整、开发和试点一项干预措施，以促进主要与女性发生性关系的波多黎各男性转变规范性信念和安全性行为，使用的是在其他国家和美国不同人群中经过测试和证明有效的民意领袖（POL）模型（Kelly et al.，1997; 2007）。具体而言，我们将评估两种干预方式的可行性和可接受性：一个修订和改编版本的标准POL干预强调艾滋病毒风险行为本身;和一个增强的POL干预，强调与性别相关的预防信息（POL+G）。建议研究的具体目标是：1。翻译和调整POL标准干预措施，以针对波多黎各主要与妇女发生性关系的男子。 2.制定和试行强化的“POL+G”干预措施，让POL既传递安全性行为信息，又传递性别角色信息。 3.开展试点研究，调整和完善措施，评估预防模式中的变量（基于性别理论和社会传播理论）;测试在主要与女性发生性关系的波多黎各男性中评估POL与POL-G降低艾滋病毒风险的有效性的可行性。 拟议的研究将产生：1）标准POL干预措施的修订版; 2）完全开发的POL+G干预措施; 3）说明增强POL干预措施可行性和可接受性的数据; 4）完善的招募、抽样和随机化程序; 5）有关拟议措施的心理测量学特征的数据。这些结果的数据将使研究小组准备进行一项更大规模的随机试验，以比较和评估两种干预方式在减少主要与女性发生性关系的波多黎各男性的性风险行为方面的有效性。 拟议的研究是创新的，因为它超越了POL模式，因为它不仅以改变有关安全性行为的规范和信念为目标，而且还将制定和测试一项干预措施的可行性，旨在改变有关男性和性别不平衡的社会规范和规范信念。 公共卫生相关性：波多黎各的艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行情况需要紧急关注，特别是针对拉丁美洲异性恋男子的预防性研究。通过处理有关性别和性行为的规范和规范性信念，我们希望纳入影响异性恋男子性行为的重要文化、背景和社区（以及个人）因素。这项研究将评估一种干预措施的可行性和可接受性，这种干预措施最终可能演变为美国拉丁美洲男子艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防干预措施的创新模式。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The HIV/AIDS literature has addressed the impact of normative beliefs on sexual risk behaviors, although more theoretical than empirical work has been conducted in this realm. The beliefs of both men and women about the superiority of men and the importance of men's virility and sexual prowess are thought to be associated with a higher frequency of risky behaviors (Amaro, 2000; Gsmez, 1996; Gupta, 2002). This is a revised application of a proposed study that will adapt, develop and pilot an intervention to promote transformation of normative beliefs and safer sex practices among Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women, using the Popular Opinion Leaders (POL) model which has been tested and proven effective in other countries and with diverse populations in the U.S. (Kelly et al., 1997; 2007). Specifically, we will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of two intervention modalities: a revised and adapted version of the standard POL intervention emphasizing HIV risk behavior per se; and an enhanced POL intervention, which emphasizes gender-related prevention messages (POL+G). The specific aims of the proposed study are to: 1. Translate and adapt the standard POL intervention to target men who have sex mostly with women in Puerto Rico. 2. Develop and pilot an enhanced "POL+G" intervention in which POLs deliver both messages on safer sex and gender roles. 3. Conduct a pilot study to adapt and refine measures to assess variables in the prevention models (based on gender theory and social diffusion theory); 4. Test the feasibility of evaluating the efficacy of POL versus POL-G with HIV risk reduction in Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women. The proposed study will yield: 1) a revised an adapted version of the standard POL intervention; 2) a fully developed POL+G intervention; 3) data informing the feasibility and acceptability of the enhanced POL intervention; 4) refined recruitment, sampling and randomization procedures; and 5) data regarding the psychometric characteristics of the proposed measures. Data from these outcomes will prepare the research team to conduct a larger randomized trial to compare and evaluate the efficacy of both intervention modalities in reducing sexual risky behavior among Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women. The proposed research is innovative because it goes beyond the POL model, as it will not only target the transformation of norms and beliefs regarding safer sex, but it will develop and test the feasibility of an intervention that intends to transform social norms and normative beliefs regarding masculinity and gender imbalance. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The situation regarding the HIV-AIDS epidemic in Puerto Rico needs urgent attention, particularly preventive studies specifically tailored for Latino heterosexual men. By addressing norms and normative beliefs regarding gender and sexuality we expect to incorporate crucial cultural, contextual and community (as well as individual) factors that impinge upon heterosexual men's sexual practices. The study will assess the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that eventually could evolve into an innovative model for HIV/AIDS preventive interventions for Latino men in the United States.