Role of Norms, Beliefs, and Practices in Effective Prevention with Heterosexual P

描述（由申请人提供）：HIV/AIDS文献讨论了规范性信念对性风险行为的影响，尽管在这一领域进行的理论多于实证工作。男性和女性都认为男性的优越性和男性阳刚和性能力的重要性与高风险行为的高频率有关（Amaro, 2000; Gsmez, 1996; Gupta, 2002）。这是对一项拟议研究的修订应用，该研究将采用民意领袖（POL）模型，对主要与女性发生性关系的波多黎各男性进行调整、开发和试点干预，以促进规范性信念的转变和更安全的性行为，该模型已在其他国家和美国不同人群中进行了测试并证明有效（Kelly等人，1997;2007）。具体而言，我们将评估两种干预模式的可行性和可接受性：一种是标准POL干预的修订和改编版本，强调艾滋病毒风险行为本身；加强POL干预，强调与性别有关的预防信息（POL+G）。拟议研究的具体目的是：1。翻译和调整标准的POL干预措施，以针对波多黎各主要与女性发生性关系的男性。制定和试行一项加强的“POL+G”干预措施，让POL既传递安全性行为信息，又传递性别角色信息。3. 进行一项试点研究，调整和改进评估预防模式变量的措施（基于性别理论和社会扩散理论）；4. 测试评估POL与POL- g在主要与女性发生性行为的波多黎各男性中降低艾滋病毒风险的功效的可行性。拟议的研究将产生：1)标准POL干预的修订和改编版本；2)充分发展的POL+G干预；3)增强POL干预的可行性和可接受性数据；4)细化招募、抽样和随机化程序；5)所提措施的心理测量特征数据。来自这些结果的数据将使研究小组准备进行更大规模的随机试验，以比较和评估两种干预方式在减少主要与女性发生性关系的波多黎各男性的性危险行为方面的功效。拟议的研究是创新的，因为它超越了POL模型，因为它不仅针对有关安全性行为的规范和信念的转变，而且还将开发和测试旨在改变有关男性气质和性别失衡的社会规范和规范信念的干预措施的可行性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The HIV/AIDS literature has addressed the impact of normative beliefs on sexual risk behaviors, although more theoretical than empirical work has been conducted in this realm. The beliefs of both men and women about the superiority of men and the importance of men's virility and sexual prowess are thought to be associated with a higher frequency of risky behaviors (Amaro, 2000; Gsmez, 1996; Gupta, 2002). This is a revised application of a proposed study that will adapt, develop and pilot an intervention to promote transformation of normative beliefs and safer sex practices among Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women, using the Popular Opinion Leaders (POL) model which has been tested and proven effective in other countries and with diverse populations in the U.S. (Kelly et al., 1997; 2007). Specifically, we will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of two intervention modalities: a revised and adapted version of the standard POL intervention emphasizing HIV risk behavior per se; and an enhanced POL intervention, which emphasizes gender-related prevention messages (POL+G). The specific aims of the proposed study are to: 1. Translate and adapt the standard POL intervention to target men who have sex mostly with women in Puerto Rico. 2. Develop and pilot an enhanced "POL+G" intervention in which POLs deliver both messages on safer sex and gender roles. 3. Conduct a pilot study to adapt and refine measures to assess variables in the prevention models (based on gender theory and social diffusion theory); 4. Test the feasibility of evaluating the efficacy of POL versus POL-G with HIV risk reduction in Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women. The proposed study will yield: 1) a revised an adapted version of the standard POL intervention; 2) a fully developed POL+G intervention; 3) data informing the feasibility and acceptability of the enhanced POL intervention; 4) refined recruitment, sampling and randomization procedures; and 5) data regarding the psychometric characteristics of the proposed measures. Data from these outcomes will prepare the research team to conduct a larger randomized trial to compare and evaluate the efficacy of both intervention modalities in reducing sexual risky behavior among Puerto Rican men who have sex mostly with women. The proposed research is innovative because it goes beyond the POL model, as it will not only target the transformation of norms and beliefs regarding safer sex, but it will develop and test the feasibility of an intervention that intends to transform social norms and normative beliefs regarding masculinity and gender imbalance. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The situation regarding the HIV-AIDS epidemic in Puerto Rico needs urgent attention, particularly preventive studies specifically tailored for Latino heterosexual men. By addressing norms and normative beliefs regarding gender and sexuality we expect to incorporate crucial cultural, contextual and community (as well as individual) factors that impinge upon heterosexual men's sexual practices. The study will assess the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that eventually could evolve into an innovative model for HIV/AIDS preventive interventions for Latino men in the United States.