Genes, Prenatal Drug Exposure, and the Postnatal Environment: An Adoption Study

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的研究旨在使用和扩展现有的前瞻性纵向采用研究，早期生长和发育研究（EGDS：R 01 HD 42608），以更好地了解遗传因素，产前药物暴露和产后养育环境如何共同影响幼儿发育，并最终影响个体后期使用药物的风险。我们建议招募200个有轭的收养单位（亲生父母和收养家庭通过被收养儿童联系在一起-约866人），并利用EGDS研究招募的现有350个有轭的收养单位。总共550个轭（约2，382个个体）将提供足够的能力来检查EGDS未设计用于研究的基因、产前药物暴露和产后饲养环境之间可能的相互作用。使用与EGDS相同的评估策略和测量方法，将对新的200个轭进行纵向跟踪，并从550个轭的完整样本中的所有参与者收集DNA。这种扩大的样本和纵向评估，结合DNA的收集，能够审查以下具体目标：（SA 1）了解以后吸毒的遗传风险如何在幼儿期的行为上表现出来;（SA 2）估计不依赖于遗传风险的产前接触影响;（SA 3）估计不依赖于遗传风险和产前接触的产后家庭环境影响;（SA 4）估计不依赖于遗传风险和产前接触的产前接触影响;（SA 5）估计不依赖于遗传风险和产前接触的产后家庭环境影响;（SA 6）估计不依赖于遗传风险和产前接触的产前接触影响。（SA 4）阐明遗传风险和产前药物暴露如何受到产后家庭环境的调节。将药物滥用传染给儿童的三种可能的机制-遗传、产前接触和产后环境-结合起来，对于宣传公共卫生具有重要的潜力。具体而言，拟议的研究旨在解开遗传，产前和产后环境因素对儿童早期发育的影响，并检查这些因素之间的相互作用和相关性。这将有助于指导旨在通过确定哪些产后家庭环境因素对减轻遗传和产前接触因素的风险影响最大，预防父母有药物依赖或滥用药物的儿童滥用药物的干预工作。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed research study seeks to use and expand an existing prospective longitudinal adoption study, the Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS: R01HD42608) to better understand how genetic factors, prenatal drug exposure, and postnatal rearing environment operate together to influence toddler development, and ultimately, an individual's risk of later drug use. We propose to recruit 200 yoked adoption units (birth parents and adoptive families linked through the adopted child - approximately 866 individuals) and to capitalize on the existing 350 yokes recruited by the EGDS study. The 550 total yokes (approximately 2,382 individuals) will provide sufficient power to examine possible interactions among genes, prenatal drug exposure and postnatal rearing environment that EGDS was not designed to study. Using the same assessment strategy and measurement as EGDS, the new 200 yokes will be followed longitudinally and DNA will be collected from all participants in the full sample of 550 yokes. This expanded sample and longitudinal assessment, combined with the collection of DNA, enables the examination of the following specific aims: (SA1) Understanding how genetic risk for later drug use is expressed behaviorally in the toddler period; (SA2) Estimating prenatal exposure effects independent of genetic risk; (SA3) Estimating postnatal family environmental effects independent of genetic risk and prenatal exposure; and (SA4) Clarifying how genetic risk and prenatal exposure to drugs are moderated by postnatal family environment. Integrating the three possible mechanisms of the transmission of drug abuse to children - genetic, prenatal exposure and postnatal environment - has important potential for informing public health. Specifically, the proposed study is designed to disentangle the effects of genetic, prenatal and postnatal environmental factors on early child development and to examine interactions and correlations among these factors. This will help guide intervention efforts aimed at the prevention of drug abuse in children of drug-dependent or drug-abusing parents by identifying which postnatal family environmental factors have the most impact on ameliorating risk from genetic and prenatal exposure factors.