Cell type-specific roles of Rb in retinal differentiation

描述（由申请人提供）：在视网膜发育过程中，退出细胞周期的决定必须与细胞命运特化和分化精确协调，以确保产生每种细胞类型的正确比例。Rb蛋白家族（Rb、p107和p130）在发育期间调节细胞周期退出、细胞命运特化、分化和存活。在上一个资助期间，我们专注于Rb家族在小鼠和人类发育过程中调节视网膜祖细胞增殖的独特和重叠作用。这些研究推动了该领域的发展，使我们能够开发出一些视网膜母细胞瘤的第一个基因敲除小鼠模型。我们使用这些和其他视网膜母细胞瘤的临床前模型来测试新的疗法，我们的研究直接影响了St. Jude正在进行的临床试验（RET-5）。在这项资助计划中，我们将扩展我们以前的研究，并专注于Rb家族在神经元细胞命运的规范和分化中的作用。我们的初步数据表明，Rb通过不同的机制调节这两个过程。具体而言，我们提出Rb通过抑制Chx 10和Pax 6启动子上的aE 2Fs来调节视杆细胞命运的规范，Rb通过rE 2Fs和组蛋白修饰来激活Nrl、Nr 2 e3和Crx启动子来调节视杆细胞的分化。这是肿瘤抑制因子对神经发生进行如此复杂调控的第一个例子。与视杆光感受器相反，发育中的视网膜中的水平神经元不需要Rb家族来进行细胞命运指定、迁移或分化。然而，在Rb家族的情况下，成熟的水平细胞重新进入细胞周期并形成转移性视网膜母细胞瘤，同时保持其分化状态。这些数据挑战了发育生物学中广泛持有的信念，即分化和增殖在神经元中是不相容的。更重要的是，他们认为，依赖于Rb的细胞为他们的正常发展，如杆光感受器是抵抗Rb家族失活后的肿瘤形成，但细胞不依赖于Rb家族为他们的正常发展，如水平细胞更容易发生肿瘤Rb家族基因失活后。我们将在这里确定Rb家族在不同细胞类型的正常发育过程中的作用是否直接影响其致瘤性的易感性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): During retinal development, the decision to exit the cell cycle must be precisely coordinated with cell fate specification and differentiation to ensure that the correct proportion of each cell type is generated. The Rb family of proteins (Rb, p107 and p130) regulate cell cycle exit, cell fate specification, differentiation and survival during development. In the previous funding period, we focused on the unique and overlapping roles of the Rb family in regulating retinal progenitor cell proliferation during development in mice and humans. These studies moved the field forward and allowed us to develop some of the first knockout mouse models of retinoblastoma. We used these and other preclinical models of retinoblastoma to test new therapies and our research has directly impacted an ongoing clinical trial (RET-5) at St. Jude. In this grant proposal, we will extend our previous studies and focus on the role of the Rb family in neuronal cell fate specification and differentiation. Our preliminary data suggest that Rb regulates these two processes through distinct mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that Rb regulates rod photoreceptor cell fate specification by repressing aE2Fs on the Chx10 and Pax6 promoters and Rb regulates rod photoreceptor differentiation through rE2Fs and histone modification to activate the Nrl, Nr2e3 and Crx promoters. This is the first example of such complex regulation of neurogenesis by a tumor suppressor. In contrast to rod photoreceptors, horizontal neurons in the developing retina do not require the Rb family for cell fate specification, migration or differentiation. However, in the absence of the Rb family, mature horizontal cells re-enter the cell cycle and form metastatic retinoblastoma while maintaining their differentiated state. These data challenge the widely held belief in developmental biology that differentiation and proliferation are incompatible in neurons. More importantly they suggest that cells that rely upon Rb for their normal development such as rod photoreceptors are resistant to tumor formation following Rb family inactivation but cells that do not rely upon the Rb family for their normal development such as horizontal cells are more susceptible to tumorigenesis following Rb family gene inactivation. We will determine here if the role of the Rb family during normal development in different cell types directly influences their susceptibility to become tumorigenic.