Paranoia and Bias in Social Belief Updating in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis

项目摘要 处于精神病临床高风险（psychosis，psychosis）的个体经历减弱的阳性症状（例如， 妄想）并可能在以后发展为精神病谱系障碍（例如，精神分裂症）.1偏执狂是一种常见的 和损害精神病症状，也存在于精神分裂症患者中。2 -5新兴的机制研究使用 强化学习任务范式表明，偏执狂患者对自己的行为持有严格的先验信念。 环境是高度不可预测的，其他人是不可信的，这反过来又与减少 从可能挑战这些信念的实际环境反馈中学习。 尽管它们有望解释一种复杂的现象，但尚未在100个个体和100个 还有一些问题。例如，在文献中存在着关于一般性与社会性 学习过程与偏执狂最相关;然而，现有的任务对这个问题的研究很差。 此外，以前的研究主要集中在一个强化学习范式上（例如，学习 易变概率）和测量与妄想相关的其他学习过程的范例（例如， 不适当的学习阻碍线索）也可能与偏执有关。11最后， 强化学习过程和症状进展以及功能结果（例如，恶化）没有 被检查过了拟议中的研究将使用以下样本检查文献中的这些差距： 个体（N = 50）、临床对照（N = 50）和健康对照（N = 50），其中一半被跟踪一次 年利用这些数据，该研究旨在开发和验证两种不同的社会突出强化学习 任务（目标1），比较这两种不同的学习范式与偏执狂的相关性（目标2）， 检查这两个社会学习任务对于预测症状进展的价值（例如，恶化 偏执狂）和社会功能下降，超过这些任务的非社会版本（目标3）。这些 该项目将利用一个更大的，正在进行的NIMH资助的项目，12该项目将提供50 50例临床对照组和50例健康对照组。培训计划：完成本项目 并建立一个独立的研究生涯，申请人将（a）追求深入了解精神病的风险， 发展，妄想形成，社会认知和学习理论，（B）学会发展和验证 动态行为任务，以及（c）发展纵向数据分析技能。这项训练将在 通过与专家学者团队的定期会议，课程，研讨会和参加会议。 培训环境：培训将在西北大学进行，该大学提供优秀的， 协作培训环境，其中包括赞助商和项目的数据分析顾问。 环境，以及拟议的学习和培训计划，将定位申请人推出一个独特的 研究计划和推进我们对精神病理学社会过程的理解。

Project Summary Individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) experience attenuated positive symptoms (e.g., delusions) and may later develop psychosis spectrum disorders (e.g., schizophrenia).1 Paranoia is a common and impairing psychotic symptom, also present in CHR individuals.2–5 Emerging mechanistic research using reinforcement learning task paradigms suggest that individuals with paranoia hold rigid prior beliefs about their environments being highly unpredictable and others being untrustworthy, which is in turn linked to reduced learning from actual environmental feedback that may challenge these beliefs.6–8 While these explanations hold promise for explaining a complicated phenomenon, they have not been tested in CHR individuals and a number of questions remain. For instance, there is debate within the literature as to whether general vs. social learning processes are most relevant to paranoia; however, existing tasks poorly examine this issue.9,10 Furthermore, previous research has focused mainly on one reinforcement learning paradigm (e.g., learning volatile probabilities) and paradigms measuring other learning processes relevant to delusions (e.g., inappropriate learning about blocked cues) may also be related to paranoia.11 Finally, the connection between reinforcement learning processes and symptom progression and functional outcomes (e.g., worsening) has not been examined. The proposed study will examine these gaps in the literature using samples of CHR individuals (N = 50), clinical controls (N = 50), and healthy controls (N = 50), with half being followed for one year. Using this data, the study aims to develop and validate two distinct socially-salient reinforcement learning tasks (Aim 1), compare these two distinct learning paradigms in terms of relevance to paranoia (Aim 2), examine the value of these two social learning tasks for predicting symptom progression (e.g., worsening paranoia) and social functioning decline, above and beyond non-social versions of these tasks (Aim 3). These aims and this project will make use of a larger, ongoing NIMH-funded project,12 which will provide data on 50 CHR individuals, as well as 50 clinical controls and 50 healthy controls. Training Plan: to complete this project and build an independent research career the applicant will (a) pursue in-depth knowledge of psychosis risk, development, delusion formation, social cognition, and learning theory, (b) learn to develop and validate dynamic behavioral tasks, and (c) develop longitudinal data analysis skills. This training will be accomplished through regular meetings with a team of expert scholars, coursework, workshops, and attending conferences. Training Environment: The training will take place at Northwestern University, which offers an excellent and collaborative training environment, which includes both the sponsor and the project’s data analysis consultant. The environment, alongside the proposed study and training plan, will position the applicant to launch a unique program of research and advance our understanding of social processes in psychopathology.