Masking in the Auditory System

听觉系统的掩蔽

• 批准号: 8317719
• 负责人: TERRY T TAKAHASHI
• 金额: $ 32.6万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF OREGON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-12-01 至 2014-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8317719
• 关键词: Address; Age; Auditory; Auditory system; Barn Owls; Biological Assay; Birds; Brain; Cell Nucleus; Conflict (Psychology); Cues; Data; Discrimination; Ear; Environment; Funding; Head; Hearing; Hearing Aids; Human; Inferior Colliculus; Lead; Location; Maps; Masks; Measures; Midbrain structure; Modeling; Nature; Neurons; Noise; Play; Positioning Attribute; Process; Psychophysiology; Raptors; Relative (related person); Research; Resolution; Self-Help Devices; Signal Transduction; Sound Localization; Source; Stimulus; Stress; Strigiformes; Structure; Techniques; Testing; Time; Tyto alba; base; design; experience; hearing impairment; interest; neuromechanism; neurophysiology; precedence effect; programs; rehabilitation strategy; relating to nervous system; research study; response; sound; sound frequency

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In nature, sounds from an actively-emitting source arrives at the ears slightly before its echo, and this time advantage is thought to play a key role in our ability to perceive the location of the direct sound (localization dominance; LD) and be relatively unaware of the echoes and their points of origin (lag-discrimination suppression; LDS). LD and LDS, collectively known as the "precedence effect", are thought to be the mechanisms by which we segregate acoustical signals of interest from background noise. This process declines with hearing loss and with age, and understanding the neural underpinnings is crucial to the design of assistive devices and rehabilitation strategies. While the fact that the direct sound arrives first is important in the precedence effect, experiments have also shown that signals without a arrival-time difference at the start of the stimulus can still evoke LD. The project proposed is to study LD and LDS in the absence of such onset cues in the barn owl, a nocturnal raptor that can hunt by hearing alone, guided by a map of frontal space in its midbrain. Pilot data suggests that owls, like humans, experience LD even without onset time cues. The project's hypothesis is that LD and LDS are due to consistent lead/lag relationships between the envelope features of the sound pair. Aim 1 Localization Dominance. The hypothesis predicts that without the initial arrival-time difference, the strength of LD will depend on the similarity in the lead and lag envelope structures and the ability to sense the modulations of the envelope. The initial time-advantage is removed from the leading sounds by synchronously gating the sounds, and the envelope similarity and modulation frequencies of the sound pair are manipulated to determine the effect of these factors on LD. LD is assessed using the owl's natural propensity to turn its head in the perceived direction of a sound source. Aim 2 Lag-Discrimination Suppression. Is LDS, the complementary phenomenon to LD, also influenced by the structure of the envelope? The owl's ability to discriminate the position of the lagging source will be investigated using the stimuli used in Aim 1. Discrimination is assessed with a newly developed, non-operant technique for probing the ability of subjects to detect small changes. Aim 3 Neuronal Responses. In Aim 3, we analyze the responses evoked by the synchronously gated stimuli in neurons of the owl's auditory space map. In first experiment, we test whether the suppression of responses to the lagging sound observed with conventional lead/lag stimuli (w/ initial transient disparity & ongoing envelope disparities) are also observable with synchronously gated stimuli. In a second experiment, we test a specific hypothesis about the nature of the suppression in the owl's space map that might allow for the resolution of temporal ambiguities that can arise when the envelope spectra are narrow.

描述（由申请人提供）：在自然界中，来自主动发射源的声音在其回声之前到达耳朵，并且这种时间优势被认为在我们感知直接声音的位置（定位优势; LD）以及相对不知道回声及其起源点（滞后辨别抑制; LDS）的能力中起关键作用。LD和LDS，统称为“优先效应”，被认为是我们将感兴趣的声学信号从背景噪声中分离出来的机制。这个过程随着听力损失和年龄的增长而下降，了解神经基础对于辅助设备和康复策略的设计至关重要。虽然直达声首先到达的事实在优先效应中很重要，但实验也表明，在刺激开始时没有到达时间差的信号仍然可以引起LD。该项目提出的是研究LD和LDS在仓鸮，夜间猛禽，可以通过听觉单独狩猎，在其中脑额叶空间的地图的指导下，在没有这样的发病线索。试验数据表明，猫头鹰，像人类一样，即使没有发病时间线索，也会经历LD。该项目的假设是LD和LDS是由于声音对的包络特征之间的一致的超前/滞后关系。目标1本地化优势。该假设预测，没有初始到达时间差，LD的强度将取决于在铅和滞后包络结构的相似性和能力，以感测的调制的包络。通过同步选通声音来消除前导声音的初始时间优势，并且操纵声音对的包络相似性和调制频率来确定这些因素对LD的影响。LD是利用猫头鹰的自然倾向，把它的头在一个声源的感知方向进行评估。目标2滞后-歧视抑制。LD的补充现象LDS是否也受信封结构的影响？猫头鹰辨别滞后源位置的能力将使用目标1中使用的刺激进行研究。辨别力是用一种新开发的非操作性技术来评估的，这种技术用于探测受试者发现微小变化的能力。目标3神经元反应。目的3：分析猫头鹰听觉空间图神经元对同步门控刺激的反应。在第一个实验中，我们测试是否抑制与传统的铅/滞后刺激（W/初始瞬时差异和正在进行的包络差异）观察到的滞后声音的反应也可观察到与同步门控刺激。在第二个实验中，我们测试一个特定的假设的抑制猫头鹰的空间地图的性质，可能会出现时，包络谱窄的时间模糊的分辨率。

项目成果

Spike timing precision changes with spike rate adaptation in the owl's auditory space map.

在猫头鹰的听觉空间图中，尖峰计时精度随着尖峰速率的适应而变化。

• DOI: 10.1152/jn.00442.2015
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Journal of neurophysiology
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Keller,CliffordH;Takahashi,TerryT
• 通讯作者: Takahashi,TerryT

A neuronal correlate of the precedence effect is associated with spatial selectivity in the barn owl's auditory midbrain.

优先效应的神经元相关性与仓鸮听觉中脑的空间选择性相关。

• DOI: 10.1152/jn.01235.2003
• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Journal of neurophysiology.
• 作者: Spitzer,MatthewW;Bala,AvinashDS;Takahashi,TerryT
• 通讯作者: Takahashi,TerryT

Representation of temporal features of complex sounds by the discharge patterns of neurons in the owl's inferior colliculus.

通过猫头鹰下丘神经元的放电模式来表示复杂声音的时间特征。

• DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2638
• 发表时间: 2000
• 期刊: Journal of neurophysiology.
• 作者: Keller,CH;Takahashi,TT
• 通讯作者: Takahashi,TT

Learned modification of the nictitating membrane reflex by auditory stimuli in the barn owl.

研究了仓鸮的听觉刺激对瞬膜反射的改变。

• DOI: 10.1007/s00359-005-0614-z
• 发表时间: 2005
• 期刊: Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology
• 作者: Bala,AvinashDS;Takahashi,TerryT
• 通讯作者: Takahashi,TerryT

From spectrum to space: the contribution of level difference cues to spatial receptive fields in the barn owl inferior colliculus.

从光谱到空间：水平差异线索对仓鸮下丘空间感受野的贡献。

• DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-01-00284.2002
• 发表时间: 2002
• 期刊: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
• 作者: Euston,DavidR;Takahashi,TerryT
• 通讯作者: Takahashi,TerryT