Gender, Harassment and Drinking among College Students

描述(申请人提供)：这项研究将扩展过去关于大学生饮酒的研究：a)在其他学校和生活压力的背景下，考察在学校(SH)和工作(WH)的骚扰模式如何不同地导致女大学生与男大学生的饮酒轨迹和问题饮酒；以及b)应用压力源-脆弱性模型来研究各种性别关联的风险和保护因素如何随着时间的推移影响WH和SH与其他工作、学校和生活压力源之间的关系以及问题饮酒的轨迹(即，不断增加或长期大量使用的轨迹)。假设的调节变量包括关系取向、应对策略(关注情绪、积极应对和回避性应对)、来自家庭、学校同龄人和同事的感知社会支持、饮酒动机(紧张缓解、社交、从众和权力动机)、学校和工作同龄人中的同性饮酒规范，以及酗酒家族史。我们还将研究WH和SH对饮酒和药物使用的影响在多大程度上是由负面情绪(抑郁、焦虑和愤怒/敌意)中介的，不同性别的差异。包含这些因素的假设检验的结果将有助于建立关于未成年饮酒预测因素的知识库，特别是个人、学校和工作场所的问题，这些问题可能会使女学生在应对压力时面临饮酒问题的特别风险。本研究以六所伊利诺伊州大学及学院(二、四年制、公立与私立、城市与乡村)为研究对象，以网路问卷方式，于入学前2个月(基线)、入学后4个月、8个月、20个月、32个月、44个月六个时间点，对3,000名18岁或以上大学新生进行问卷调查。这一设计将允许我们使用传统的以变量为中心的统计方法来探索我们的假设，以查看变量之间的结构关系，以及以人为中心的方法来检查在男女大学生中饮酒的不同个人变化模式的预测因素和结果。以人为中心的方法还将使我们能够检查哪些时间点的预测因素最突出。这将是第一次在其他学校、工作和生活压力的背景下将WH和SH作为酒精使用的潜在预测因子的研究，并将这些措施纳入饮酒轨迹的以人为中心的潜在生长混合模型中。这项研究的长期目标是：1)更好地了解不同领域内酒精滥用的一系列复杂的心理社会风险因素对年轻成年女性和男性大学生来说是如何随着时间的推移而不同的；2)利用这些知识来制定及时的、针对性别的预防和干预策略，这些策略可能会在个人、学校或工作场所层面上实施，以解决大学生中的酒精滥用问题；以及3)提供数据来支持禁止普遍的工作场所骚扰的法律努力。 公共健康相关性：该项目关注大学生饮酒问题的预测因素，这一项目与公共健康相关，大学生是饮酒行为的高危人群。这项研究将探讨未被充分研究的社会应激源(例如，工作场所和学校的性骚扰和普遍的骚扰)以及与性别有关的风险和保护因素如何解释随着时间的推移，女学生和男学生使用酒精和药物的问题模式。弄清与男性相比，社会压力源影响女性物质使用模式的机制，以及这些压力源对物质使用影响最大的时间，将使我们能够提出及时的针对性别的干预和预防策略，以更有效地针对大学生中与酒精、毒品和骚扰相关的问题。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study will extend past research on college student drinking by a) examining how patterns of harassment at school (SH) and work (WH), in the context of other school and life stressors, may differentially contribute to drinking trajectories and problem drinking for women versus men college students, and b) applying a stressor-vulnerability model to examine how a variety of gender-linked risk and protective factors may influence the relationships between WH and SH and other work, school, and life stressors and trajectories of problematic alcohol use (i.e., trajectories of increasing or chronically heavy use) over time. Hypothesized moderators include relational orientation, coping strategies (emotion focused, active, and avoidant coping), perceived social support from family, school peers, and coworkers, drinking motives (tension-reduction, sociability, conformity, and power motives), same-sex drinking norms among school and work peers, and family history of alcoholism. We will also examine the extent to which the effects of WH and SH on drinking and drug use are mediated by negative affect (depression, anxiety, and anger/hostility), differentially by gender. Results of hypothesis tests incorporating these factors will contribute to the knowledge base about predictors of underage drinking, specifically the individual, school, and workplace issues that may place female students at particular risk for problematic drinking in response to stress. We propose to survey 3,000 incoming college freshman aged 18 or older from six Illinois universities and colleges (2- and 4-year; public and private; urban and rural) using a web-based questionnaire at 6 time points across four years; (1) 2 months prior to college entry (baseline), and at (2) 4 months; (3) 8 months; (4) 20 months; (5) 32 months; and (6) 44 months after college entry. This design will allow us to explore our hypotheses using both traditional variable-centered statistical approaches to look at structural relationships among variables, as well as a person-centered approach to examine predictors and outcomes of distinct patterns of intra-individual change in drinking among women and men college students. The person-centered approach will also allow us to examine at which time points predictive factors are most salient. This will be the first study to include WH and SH as potential predictors of alcohol use in the context of other school, work, and life stressors, and to incorporate these measures into person-centered latent growth mixture models of drinking trajectories. The long term goals of this study are to: 1) better understand how the complex array of psychosocial risk factors for alcohol abuse, within a variety of domains, differ over time for young adult women and men college students, 2) use this knowledge to develop timely, gender-specific prevention and intervention strategies that might be implemented at the individual, school, or workplace levels to address alcohol abuse among college students, and 3) provide data to support legal efforts to prohibit generalized workplace harassment. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health in its focus on predictors of problematic drinking in college students, a population at particular risk for this behavior. The study will examine how understudied social stressors (e.g., workplace and school sexual harassment and generalized harassment) in conjunction with gender-linked risk and protective factors may explain problematic patterns of alcohol and drug use over time for women versus men students. Clarifying the mechanisms through which social stressors influence substance use patterns for women as compared to men, and the timing of when these stressors have the greatest influence on substance use, will enable us to suggest timely gender-specific intervention and prevention strategies to more effectively target alcohol, drug, and harassment-related issues among college students.