FALSE HEARING IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS: A METACOGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

描述（申请人提供）："你没有真正听我说，我说的是. "对于老年人来说，这种交流太熟悉了。这个问题主要是反映了与年龄有关的感官能力障碍，还是反映了没有认真倾听？准确的言语感知需要听者进行评价 关于口头通信内容的多个不同信息源，包括语音信号和语义上下文。在某些情况下，这些不同的信息来源汇聚在同一个感知上，而在其他情况下，它们可能导致截然不同的感知反应。例如，在医生办公室与主要依赖上下文驱动信息的护士交谈的个体可能会将句子“医生说提醒你服用BILL”误解为“医生说提醒你服用PILL”。在我们在这一领域的初步工作中（Rogers，Alberby和Sommers，2012年），我们创造了术语“错误听力”来指代个体更多地依赖于上下文驱动的感知错误。 而不是感官驱动的信息，但仍然非常自信，他们实际上"听到"的刺激。拟议的研究将调查老年人和年轻人如何在在线语音感知过程中权衡感官信息和语义上下文。此外，我们将确定诸如"Bill-Pill"错误反映元认知失败的程度 在其他知觉和认知领域也会产生类似的错误。该应用程序是高度创新的，因为它整合了认知，元认知和听力学的原则，以研究与年龄相关的认知控制能力下降如何损害老年人灵活改变其反应基础的能力。具体来说，我们建议，在同等的可理解性的条件下，老年人将更重的语义上下文比感官信号作为响应的基础，并会比年轻的听众在切换到基于感官的响应时，由当时的情况下，灵活性较低。三个具体目标将在应用程序中解决。具体目标1将建立元认知能力的年龄相关变化如何影响听众的意识，他们的言语知觉困难使用更多的自然（句子）刺激比以前使用的。具体目标2将研究认知控制中的个体和年龄差异如何改变沟通行为，例如要求重复和仔细倾听，这可能会大大改善老年人的言语感知。具体目标3将评估错误听力、错误视觉和错误记忆测量之间的相关性，以确定这些类型的错误在多大程度上可归因于一种共同的机制，如认知控制。综上所述，这些发现将首次研究元认知能力在在线语音感知过程中的作用，以及与年龄相关的元认知下降是否会导致老年人的语音感知表现较差。 公共卫生相关性：随着年龄的增长，听力会逐渐丧失。然而，我们实验室的惊人结果表明，在许多情况下，老年人并不知道这种听力损失如何影响他们理解语言的能力。在当前的应用中，我们研究了未能识别言语感知缺陷如何影响行为，例如要求重复，在不理解的情况下做出反应，以及获得助听器，这些行为可以极大地影响老年人使用口语进行交流的能力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "You are not really listening to me, what I said was..." For older adults, exchanges of this sort are all too familiar. Is the problem one that primarily reflects age-related impairments in sensory abilities or, instead, is it more cognitive in nature, reflecting a failure to carefully listen? Accurate speech perception requires listeners to evaluate a number of different sources of information about the content of spoken communications, including the speech signal and semantic context. In some instances, these different sources of information converge on the same perception, whereas in others they can lead to dramatically different perceptual responses. For example, an individual speaking to a nurse at a physician's office who is relying primarily on context-driven information might misperceive the sentence "The Doctor said to remind you to take the BILL" as "The Doctor said to remind you to take the PILL". In our initial work in this area (Rogers, Jacoby, and Sommers, 2012), we have coined the term "false hearing" to refer to perceptual errors in which individuals rely more on context-driven than sensory-driven information, yet are nevertheless highly confident that they actually "heard" the stimulus. The proposed research will investigate how older and younger adults weigh sensory information and semantic context during online speech perception. In addition, we will establish the extent to which errors such as the "Bill-Pill" mistake reflect metacognitive failures that also produce analogous errors in other perceptual and cognitive domains. The application is highly innovative in that it integrates principles of cognition, metacognition and audiology to examine how age-related reductions in cognitive control may impair older adults' ability to flexibly vary their bases of responding. Specifically, we propose that, under conditions of equivalent intelligibility, older adults will weigh semantic context more heavily than the sensory signal as a basis for responding and will be less flexible than young listeners in switching to sensory- based responding when dictated by the prevailing circumstances. Three specific aims will be addressed in the application. Specific Aim 1 will establish how age-related changes in metacognitive abilities affect listeners' awareness of their speech perception difficulties using more naturalistic (sentence) stimuli than has been used previously. Specific aim 2 will examine how individual and age differences in cognitive control might alter communicative behaviors, such as requesting repetitions and careful listening, that could substantially improve speech perception in older adults. Specific Aim 3 will assess correlations between measures of false hearing, false seeing and false remembering to establish the extent to which these types of errors may be attributable to a common mechanism, such as cognitive control. Taken together, the findings will provide the first studies of how metacognitive abilities operate during online speech perception and whether age-related declines in metacognition contribute to the poorer speech perception performance of older adults. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: As individuals age, there is a gradual and progressive loss of hearing. Striking results from our laboratory suggest, however, that there are many instances in which older adults are unaware of how this hearing loss affects their ability to understand speech. In the current application, we examine how failures to recognize speech perception deficits affects behaviors such as asking for repetitions, responding without understanding, and obtaining hearing aids, that can dramatically affect how well older adults are able to communicate using spoken language.