FALSE HEARING IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS: A METACOGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

年轻人和老年人的错误听力：元认知视角

• 批准号: 8445543
• 负责人: MITCHELL S SOMMERS
• 金额: $ 19万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-15 至 2014-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8445543
• 关键词: Address; Affect; Age; Aging; Area; Attention; Audiology; Auditory; Awareness; Behavior; Calibration; Cognition; Cognitive; Coin; Communication; Decision Making; Elderly; Employee Strikes; Failure; Hearing; Hearing Aids; Impairment; Individual; Individual Differences; Judgment; Laboratories; Language; Lead; Link; Measures; Memory; Nature; Noise; Nurses; Participant; Perception; Performance; Peripheral; Physicians' Offices; Play; Predisposition; Process; Research; Role; Semantics; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Sorting - Cell Movement; Source; Speech; Speech Perception; Stimulus; Translating; Weight; Work; age difference; age related; base; cognitive control; communication behavior; design; expectation; flexibility; follow-up; functional decline; hearing impairment; improved; innovation; novel; pill; research study; response; speech accuracy; volunteer; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "You are not really listening to me, what I said was..." For older adults, exchanges of this sort are all too familiar. Is the problem one that primarily reflects age-related impairments in sensory abilities or, instead, is it more cognitive in nature, reflecting a failure to carefully listen? Accurate speech perception requires listeners to evaluate a number of different sources of information about the content of spoken communications, including the speech signal and semantic context. In some instances, these different sources of information converge on the same perception, whereas in others they can lead to dramatically different perceptual responses. For example, an individual speaking to a nurse at a physician's office who is relying primarily on context-driven information might misperceive the sentence "The Doctor said to remind you to take the BILL" as "The Doctor said to remind you to take the PILL". In our initial work in this area (Rogers, Jacoby, and Sommers, 2012), we have coined the term "false hearing" to refer to perceptual errors in which individuals rely more on context-driven than sensory-driven information, yet are nevertheless highly confident that they actually "heard" the stimulus. The proposed research will investigate how older and younger adults weigh sensory information and semantic context during online speech perception. In addition, we will establish the extent to which errors such as the "Bill-Pill" mistake reflect metacognitive failures that also produce analogous errors in other perceptual and cognitive domains. The application is highly innovative in that it integrates principles of cognition, metacognition and audiology to examine how age-related reductions in cognitive control may impair older adults' ability to flexibly vary their bases of responding. Specifically, we propose that, under conditions of equivalent intelligibility, older adults will weigh semantic context more heavily than the sensory signal as a basis for responding and will be less flexible than young listeners in switching to sensory- based responding when dictated by the prevailing circumstances. Three specific aims will be addressed in the application. Specific Aim 1 will establish how age-related changes in metacognitive abilities affect listeners' awareness of their speech perception difficulties using more naturalistic (sentence) stimuli than has been used previously. Specific aim 2 will examine how individual and age differences in cognitive control might alter communicative behaviors, such as requesting repetitions and careful listening, that could substantially improve speech perception in older adults. Specific Aim 3 will assess correlations between measures of false hearing, false seeing and false remembering to establish the extent to which these types of errors may be attributable to a common mechanism, such as cognitive control. Taken together, the findings will provide the first studies of how metacognitive abilities operate during online speech perception and whether age-related declines in metacognition contribute to the poorer speech perception performance of older adults. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: As individuals age, there is a gradual and progressive loss of hearing. Striking results from our laboratory suggest, however, that there are many instances in which older adults are unaware of how this hearing loss affects their ability to understand speech. In the current application, we examine how failures to recognize speech perception deficits affects behaviors such as asking for repetitions, responding without understanding, and obtaining hearing aids, that can dramatically affect how well older adults are able to communicate using spoken language.

描述（由申请人提供）：“您并不是真的在听我说，我说的是……”对于老年人来说，这种交流非常熟悉。问题是主要反映与年龄相关的感官能力障碍的问题，还是反映出本质上更具认知能力，反映了未能仔细倾听的？准确的语音感知要求听众评估 许多有关口语通信内容的信息来源，包括语音信号和语义上下文。在某些情况下，这些不同的信息来源在相同的感知上汇聚在一起，而在其他情况下，它们可以导致截然不同的感知反应。例如，主要依靠上下文驱动的信息的医生办公室的护士交谈可能会误解“医生说提醒您提出账单的句子”，因为“医生说提醒您要服用药丸”。在我们在这一领域的最初工作（Rogers，Jacoby和Sommers，2012年）中，我们创造了“虚假听证”一词，以指出个人更多地依赖于上下文驱动的错误 不仅仅是感官驱动的信息，但是还是很有信心，他们实际上“听到”了刺激。拟议的研究将调查在线语音感知期间年长和年轻人如何权衡感官信息和语义环境。此外，我们将确定诸如“票据”错误之类的错误反映了元认知失败 这也会在其他感知和认知领域产生类似的错误。该应用具有很高的创新性，因为它整合了认知，元认知和听力学原理，以检查认知控制中与年龄相关的降低如何损害老年人灵活地改变其反应基础的能力。具体而言，我们建议，在等效清晰度的条件下，老年人将比感官信号更严重地称呼语义背景，作为响应的基础，比年轻的听众在由盛行的情况下转向基于感觉的基于感觉的反应。应用程序将解决三个具体目标。具体目标1将确定与年龄相关的元认知能力变化如何使用比以前使用的更自然（句子）刺激会影响听众对他们对语音感知困难的认识。具体目标2将研究认知控制中的个体和年龄差异如何改变交流行为，例如要求重复和仔细的倾听，这可能会大大改善老年人的语音感知。具体目标3将评估虚假听力，虚假看见和虚假记忆的措施之间的相关性，以确定这些类型的错误可能归因于共同机制（例如认知控制）的程度。综上所述，这些发现将提供有关在线语音感知期间元认知能力如何运作的首次研究，以及与年龄相关的元认知下降是否有助于老年人的语音感知表现较差。 公共卫生相关性：随着个人的年龄，听力逐渐逐渐丧失。但是，我们实验室的引人注目的结果表明，在许多情况下，老年人不知道这种听力损失如何影响他们理解语音的能力。在当前的应用中，我们研究了如何识别语音感知缺陷如何影响行为，例如要求重复，不理解并获得助听器，这些行为可能会极大地影响老年人使用口头语言能够交流的能力。