Sleep duration required to restore performance during chronic sleep restriction

描述(申请人提供)：数以百万计的美国人通常每晚睡眠不足6小时，这一数字不足以维持健康的生理功能，并记录在案的新陈代谢、免疫功能、荷尔蒙、情绪和表现/警觉性异常。慢性睡眠不足的累积成本使个人容易出现注意力疏忽、错误和事故。睡眠不足对表现的影响在生物(昼夜)晚上表现得很明显，特别是当昼夜节律与睡眠-觉醒时间表不同步时，就像15%的美国人参与倒班工作一样。我们最近证明，睡眠限制影响大脑中至少两个不同的调节过程，这两个过程在不同的时间尺度上发挥作用，从而影响表现。一个短期的过程需要几个小时的时间才能建立起来，并且可以在一段长时间的睡眠中迅速恢复。一个长期的过程是在几天到几周的有限睡眠中建立起来的，而且恢复的时间更长。然而，用于确定适当的应对措施或公共卫生教育的关键未知信息是，最近睡眠和醒来的有限持续时间以及总体睡眠：唤醒比率如何影响睡眠不足的短期和长期后果。拟议工作的结果将使我们能够确定慢性睡眠限制(CSR)的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律相结合来确定在任何给定时间的表现。参与者将在三周内按照重复的20小时睡眠时间表生活，以将睡眠-醒来周期与内在的近24小时的警觉和表现节奏分开。CSR组将经历相当于每24小时5.6小时的睡眠(1：3.3睡眠：清醒比率)，而对照组将经历标准的1：2睡眠：清醒比率。这些数据将与在同一设施中使用CSR(1：3.3睡眠：唤醒)和标准(1：2睡眠：唤醒)睡眠：唤醒比率，但在28小时和42.85小时睡眠唤醒周期持续时间下不同的绝对睡眠和唤醒持续时间的实验数据进行统计比较。充分了解睡眠动态平衡需要对睡眠进行实验操作：觉醒比率、睡眠和觉醒的持续时间，以及与昼夜节律的相互作用。这项工作与公共卫生直接相关。这项拟议的研究将有助于理解睡眠不足对表现的短期和长期后果，以及睡眠不足的这些影响如何受到体内生物钟自然~24小时节律的影响。重要的是要了解睡眠限制和昼夜节律如何相互作用来决定表现，以便(I)制定工作轮班规则，将与疲劳相关的工业事故和机动车撞车的可能性降至最低，以及(Ii)个人可以负责任地计划自己的睡眠。这项工作还将推进可用于测试促进觉醒疗法和其他干预措施对涉及睡眠-觉醒调节的这两个不同过程的有效性的研究方法。 与公共健康相关：数百万美国人通常每晚睡眠不足6小时，这一数量不足以满足众多生理系统的健康功能，包括新陈代谢、免疫功能和表现/警觉性。这项建议将使我们能够确定睡眠不足的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律结合在一起影响任何给定时间的表现。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for maintaining healthy physiologic function, with documented abnormalities in metabolism, immune function, hormones, mood and performance/alertness. The cumulative cost of chronic sleep deficiency predisposes an individual to attentional lapses, errors, and accidents. The effect of sleep deficiency on performance is pronounced during the biological (circadian) night, particularly when circadian rhythms are not synchronized to the sleep-wake schedule, as may occur in the 15 percent of Americans who are involved in shift work. We recently demonstrated that sleep restriction affects at least two different regulatory processes in the brain that act on different time scales o affect performance. A short-term process builds over hours and can be rapidly recovered within one long sleep episode. A long-term process builds over days-to-weeks of restricted sleep and has a longer time course of recovery. Key unknown information, however, for determining appropriate counter-measures or public health education, is how the finite durations of recent sleep and wake episodes and the overall sleep:wake ratio affect the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency. The results of the proposed work will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short- and long-term consequences of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and how they combine with circadian timing to determine performance at any given time. Participants will live on a recurring 20-hr sleep+wake schedule for three weeks to uncouple the sleep-wake cycles from the intrinsic near-24 hour rhythm of alertness and performance. The CSR group will experience the equivalent of 5.6 hrs sleep per 24 hrs (1:3.3 sleep:wake ratio) while a control group will experience a standard "habitual" 1:2 sleep:wake ratio. These data will be statistically compared with already collected data from experiments in the same facility with CSR (1:3.3 sleep:wake) and standard (1:2 sleep:wake) sleep:wake ratios but different absolute sleep and wake durations under 28-hour and 42.85-hr sleep+wake cycle durations. Full understanding of sleep homeostasis requires experimental manipulation of both sleep:wake ratio and durations of sleep and wake, as well as the interaction with circadian phase. There is immediate public health relevance to this work. The proposed research will contribute to the understanding of the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency on performance and how these effects of sleep deficiency are influenced by the natural ~24-hour rhythm of the internal body clock. It is important to understand how sleep restriction and circadian timing interact to determine performance so that (i) work shift regulations can be developed to minimize the chances for fatigue-related industrial accidents and motor vehicle crashes and (ii) individuals can responsibly plan their sleep. This work will also advance research methods that can be used to test the effectiveness of wake-promoting therapeutics and other interventions on these two distinct processes involved in sleep-wake regulation. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for healthy function of numerous physiologic systems, including metabolism, immune function, and performance/alertness. This proposal will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency and how they combine with circadian timing to affect performance at any given time.