Sleep duration required to restore performance during chronic sleep restriction

描述（由申请人提供）：数百万美国人每晚的睡眠时间通常少于6小时，这一数量不足以维持健康的生理功能，并记录了新陈代谢，免疫功能，激素，情绪和表现/警觉性的异常。慢性睡眠不足的累积成本使个人容易出现注意力缺失、错误和事故。睡眠不足对表现的影响在生物（昼夜节律）夜晚很明显，特别是当昼夜节律与睡眠-觉醒时间表不同步时，这可能发生在15%的美国人中，他们参与轮班工作。我们最近证明，睡眠限制影响大脑中至少两种不同的调节过程，它们在不同的时间尺度上作用，从而影响表现。一个短期的过程需要几个小时，并且可以在一次长时间的睡眠中迅速恢复。一个长期的过程是在几天到几周的有限睡眠中建立起来的，并且有一个更长的恢复过程。然而，用于确定适当的对策或公共卫生教育的关键未知信息是最近睡眠和觉醒事件的有限持续时间以及整体睡眠：觉醒比率如何影响睡眠不足的短期和长期后果。拟议工作的结果将使我们能够确定慢性睡眠限制（CSR）的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律定时联合收割机相结合，以确定在任何给定时间的性能。参与者将在三周内按照20小时睡眠+觉醒的时间表生活，以将睡眠-觉醒周期与内在的近24小时警觉和表现节奏分开。CSR组将经历相当于每24小时5.6小时的睡眠（1：3.3的睡眠：觉醒比率），而对照组将经历标准的“习惯性”1：2的睡眠：觉醒比率。将这些数据与在同一设施中使用CSR（1：3.3睡眠：觉醒）和标准（1：2睡眠：觉醒）睡眠：觉醒比率但在28小时和42.85小时睡眠+觉醒周期持续时间下绝对睡眠和觉醒持续时间不同的实验中已经收集的数据进行统计学比较。充分了解睡眠稳态需要实验操作的睡眠：觉醒比和睡眠和觉醒的持续时间，以及与昼夜节律相的相互作用。这项工作直接关系到公共卫生。这项研究将有助于了解睡眠不足对表现的短期和长期影响，以及睡眠不足的这些影响如何受到内部生物钟的自然24小时节律的影响。重要的是要了解睡眠限制和昼夜节律如何相互作用，以确定性能，以便（i）可以制定轮班规定，以尽量减少与疲劳有关的工业事故和机动车碰撞的机会，（ii）个人可以负责任地计划他们的睡眠。这项工作还将推进研究方法，可用于测试唤醒促进疗法和其他干预措施对参与睡眠-觉醒调节的这两个不同过程的有效性。 公共卫生相关性：数以百万计的美国人每晚的睡眠时间通常少于6小时，这一数量不足以维持许多生理系统的健康功能，包括新陈代谢，免疫功能和表现/警觉性。这项提议将使我们能够确定睡眠不足的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律结合联合收割机，以影响任何给定时间的表现。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for maintaining healthy physiologic function, with documented abnormalities in metabolism, immune function, hormones, mood and performance/alertness. The cumulative cost of chronic sleep deficiency predisposes an individual to attentional lapses, errors, and accidents. The effect of sleep deficiency on performance is pronounced during the biological (circadian) night, particularly when circadian rhythms are not synchronized to the sleep-wake schedule, as may occur in the 15 percent of Americans who are involved in shift work. We recently demonstrated that sleep restriction affects at least two different regulatory processes in the brain that act on different time scales o affect performance. A short-term process builds over hours and can be rapidly recovered within one long sleep episode. A long-term process builds over days-to-weeks of restricted sleep and has a longer time course of recovery. Key unknown information, however, for determining appropriate counter-measures or public health education, is how the finite durations of recent sleep and wake episodes and the overall sleep:wake ratio affect the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency. The results of the proposed work will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short- and long-term consequences of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and how they combine with circadian timing to determine performance at any given time. Participants will live on a recurring 20-hr sleep+wake schedule for three weeks to uncouple the sleep-wake cycles from the intrinsic near-24 hour rhythm of alertness and performance. The CSR group will experience the equivalent of 5.6 hrs sleep per 24 hrs (1:3.3 sleep:wake ratio) while a control group will experience a standard "habitual" 1:2 sleep:wake ratio. These data will be statistically compared with already collected data from experiments in the same facility with CSR (1:3.3 sleep:wake) and standard (1:2 sleep:wake) sleep:wake ratios but different absolute sleep and wake durations under 28-hour and 42.85-hr sleep+wake cycle durations. Full understanding of sleep homeostasis requires experimental manipulation of both sleep:wake ratio and durations of sleep and wake, as well as the interaction with circadian phase. There is immediate public health relevance to this work. The proposed research will contribute to the understanding of the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency on performance and how these effects of sleep deficiency are influenced by the natural ~24-hour rhythm of the internal body clock. It is important to understand how sleep restriction and circadian timing interact to determine performance so that (i) work shift regulations can be developed to minimize the chances for fatigue-related industrial accidents and motor vehicle crashes and (ii) individuals can responsibly plan their sleep. This work will also advance research methods that can be used to test the effectiveness of wake-promoting therapeutics and other interventions on these two distinct processes involved in sleep-wake regulation. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for healthy function of numerous physiologic systems, including metabolism, immune function, and performance/alertness. This proposal will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency and how they combine with circadian timing to affect performance at any given time.