Mechanisms for glucocorticoid vs. progesterone receptor-specific gene regulation

已有文献记载，在同一细胞中，对于同一基因的GR和PR诱导，共抑制因子NCoR和SMRT对激动剂的EC50和PAA具有相反的影响。这些反向反应依赖于每个受体的N端和c端结构域的联合作用（Song et al., 2001， J. Biol.）。化学。， 276, 24806-24816)。这些结果与共抑制因子与gr和pr的n端相互作用的证明是一致的（Wang et al., 2007, Biochemistry, 48, 8036-8049; Wang and Simons Jr., 2005, Mol. Endo.）。， 19, 1483-1500)以及受体c端序列中最初定义的位点。类似地，最近发现了另外四个已知的调节GR活性的因子（GME、GMEB2、Ubc9和STAMP），它们要么在其他条件相同的情况下不同地改变GR和pr的几个诱导参数，要么需要每种受体的不同区域才能发挥活性（Szapary等人，2008,Mol Cell Endocrinol, 283, 114-126）。

The corepressors NCoR and SMRT have been documented to have opposite effects on the EC50 of agonists, and the PAA, for GR and PR induction of the same gene in the same cells. These inverted responses depend upon the joint actions of the N- and C-terminal domains of each receptor (Song et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 24806-24816). These results are consistent with the demonstration that corepressors interact with N-terminal regions of both GRs and PRs (Wang et al., 2007, Biochemistry, 48, 8036-8049; Wang and Simons Jr., 2005, Mol. Endo., 19, 1483-1500) in addition to the initially defined sites in the C-terminal sequences of receptors. Similarly, four other factors known to modulate GR activity (GME, GMEB2, Ubc9, and STAMP) were recently found either to differentially alter several induction parameters of GRs vs. PRs under otherwise identical conditions or to require different regions of each receptor for their activities (Szapary et al., 2008, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 283, 114-126). The objective of this study is to determine whether the mechanisms of action change for those factors known to differentially modulate the EC50, PAA, and Amax of GR- vs. PR-regulated gene transcription. This task has just become tractable with our development of a theoretical model of steroid receptor action (see DK DK057800-20). Three novel features of this model, and its associated graphical analysis, permit an unprecedented level of mechanistic information regarding steroid receptor-regulated gene transactivation. First, it is now possible to determine the kinetically-defined type of action being displayed by the factor (competitive inhibitor, uncompetitive inhibitor, coactivator, etc.). Second, it is usually possible to define where the factor acts relative to a reference point called the concentration limiting step (CLS), which is the steady state analog of the rate limiting step of enzyme kinetics. Third, the model and its graphical analysis have recently been extended to the analysis of two competing factors in the same assay. As opposed to making the situation more obscure, it actually yields greater mechanistic information. Not only can such competition assays determine how and where each factor acts, relative to the CLS, but the site of action of the two factors relative to each other is revealed. Thus, one can now assemble an ordered sequence of reactions based on the biological function of cofactors, much as in epistasis analysis, even when the biochemical properties of the cofactors are not known. Initial experiments with a few cofactors have not exposed any major differences between GR and PR action. However, we expect that continued studies, especially with endogenous genes, will identifiy some mechanistic differences between GR and PR interactions with cofactors. This type of information is not now available by any other means. Therefore, these studies will greatly contribute to our long-term goal of defining the action of GRs vs. PRs at a molecular level and of understanding their role in human physiology.