Microbiome analysis of human oral bacteriophage communities

描述（由申请人提供）：通过研究微生物组对人类微生物群落进行分析，已经开始阐明构成人体的这些生物体的许多细节，以及它们对人类疾病和代谢过程的贡献。虽然微生物组分析的大部分焦点都集中在原核生物成分上，但对居住在人类环境中的病毒的关注相对较少。许多这样的病毒是专门感染细菌的噬菌体。噬菌体代表了地球上最丰富的感染因子，因为它们在细菌存在的任何地方都被发现，所以可能有大量未被探索的噬菌体群落居住在人体内。通过它们杀死某些细菌的能力，或者通过引入新的基因编码功能来转化细菌，从而为这些细菌提供选择性优势，噬菌体可能具有塑造人类细菌群落的深刻能力。虽然人们对噬菌体如何在体外与宿主细菌相互作用了解很多，但对复杂的人类生态系统中的这些相互作用知之甚少。提高我们对各种生态系统中噬菌体与宿主相互作用的动力学的理解的一种方法是CRISPR（重复的规则间隔短回文重复序列）的研究。CRISPR代表了针对噬菌体捕食的适应性细菌免疫系统。它们通过在细菌宿主基因组中的回文重复序列之间掺入一小部分被称为间隔区的噬菌体DNA来发挥作用。间隔区掺入的结果是宿主细菌通过RNA干扰机制对先前遇到的噬菌体产生抗性。此外，通过掺入间隔区，CRISPR基因座可以被视为最近遇到的已经产生抗性的噬菌体的日志。此外，通过CRISPR机制对新遇到的噬菌体的抗性率可以通过随时间推移对CRISPR含量进行采样来确定。以前没有对人类口腔中的噬菌体群落进行过全面的研究。我们提出了一个多学科的方法相结合的分子生物学，微生物基因组学和生物信息学对了解人类口腔噬菌体社区的性质，并了解这些噬菌体的耐药性发展背后的影响。我们工作汇编的短期目标是提高我们对人类口腔微生物群落动态的理解，并了解噬菌体对人类微生物群落的影响。长期目标是为学术医学事业奠定基础。我们的具体目标如下：目标1：从人类唾液中分离和表征噬菌体群体，并确定细菌群落组成和噬菌体群落成员之间是否存在直接或反向关系。实验方法涉及随着时间的推移对来自不同人类受试者的噬菌体和细菌群落进行微生物组分析。目标二：评估人类受试者中某些唾液细菌中的CRISPR含量，并确定其获得对应于唾液噬菌体的间隔区的相对速率。该实验方法涉及分析人类受试者中某些口腔细菌中CRISPR基因座含量随时间的变化，并将CRISPR基因座含量与社区中噬菌体的存在或不存在进行比较。目标3：确定某些口腔细菌是否在体内对噬菌体捕食产生抗性，并确定抗性机制是否是CRISPR介导的。实验方法包括随着时间的推移从人类受试者中分离某些口腔细菌及其各自的噬菌体，检查噬菌体裂解其宿主细菌的能力，并评估CRISPR含量的变化。“人类口腔噬菌体群落的微生物组分析”PI：大卫T。我们的研究计划包括提供人类口腔中噬菌体的第一个详细描述，以更好地了解居住在人体内的复杂微生物群落的动态。噬菌体具有改变原核生物群落的实质性能力，并且由于原核生物群落中的扰动有助于疾病过程，噬菌体的分析可以为我们人类受试者中牙周炎和龋齿的发展提供重要线索。对疾病发展的影响使这项研究与公共卫生相关，并可能为诊断和预测与人类微生物群落相关的疾病的测试开发提供新的焦点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Analysis of human microbial communities through the study of microbiomes has begun to elucidate many details of both those organisms that constitute the human body, as well as their contribution to human disease and metabolic processes. While much of the focus of microbiome analysis has been on prokaryote constituents, there has been relatively little attention paid to viruses that inhabit the human environment. Many such viruses are bacteriophages that specifically infect bacteria. Bacteriophages represent the most abundant infectious agents on the planet, and because they have been found wherever bacteria exist, there likely are vast unexplored bacteriophage communities that inhabit the human body. Through either their ability to kill certain bacteria, or to transform bacteria by bringing in new gene-encoded function and thereby providing those bacteria a selective advantage, bacteriophages may have a profound ability to shape human bacterial communities. While much is known about the how bacteriophages interact with their host bacteria in vitro, there is relatively little known about these interactions within complex human ecosystems. One means for improving our understanding of the dynamics of bacteriophage interactions with their hosts in various ecosystems has been the study of CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPRs represent adaptive bacterial immune systems against phage predation. They function by incorporating small portions of bacteriophage DNA called spacers between palindromic repeats in the genome of their bacterial host. The result of spacer incorporation is resistance of the host bacterium to previously encountered bacteriophages through a mechanism of RNA interference. In addition, through the incorporation of spacers, the CRISPR locus could be viewed as a log of recently encountered bacteriophages to which resistance has developed. Furthermore, the rate of resistance to newly encountered bacteriophages through the CRISPR mechanism may be ascertained through sampling of CRISPR content over time. There have been no previous comprehensive studies of bacteriophage communities that inhabit the human oral cavity. We propose a multidisciplinary approach combining molecular biology, microbial genomics, and bioinformatics towards understanding the nature of human oral bacteriophage communities, and understanding the implications behind development of resistance to these bacteriophages. The short-term objectives of our compilation of work are to improve our understanding of human oral microbial community dynamics, and to understand the impact that bacteriophages have upon human microbial communities. The long-term objective is to lay a foundation for a career in academic medicine. Our specific aims for this proposal are as follows: Aim 1: To isolate and characterize bacteriophage populations from human saliva and determine whether there is a direct or inverse relationship between bacterial community composition and bacteriophage community members. The experimental approach involves microbiome analysis of bacteriophage and bacterial communities from different human subjects over time. Aim 2: To evaluate CRISPR content in certain salivary bacteria in human subjects and determine their relative rate of acquisition of spacers corresponding to salivary bacteriophages. The experimental approach involves analysis of changes in CRISPR loci content in certain oral bacteria in human subjects over time and comparison of CRISPR loci content with the presence or absence of bacteriophages in the community. Aim 3: To determine if certain oral bacteria develop resistance in vivo to bacteriophage predation, and ascertain whether the mechanism of resistance is CRISPR mediated. The experimental approach involves isolation of certain oral bacteria and their respective bacteriophages from human subjects over time, examining the ability of phage to lyse their host bacteria, and assessment of changes in CRISPR content. "Microbiome analysis of human oral bacteriophage communities" PI: David T. Pride Our research plan involves providing the first detailed description of bacteriophages in the human oral cavity to gain an improved understanding of the dynamics of complex microbial communities inhabiting the human body. Bacteriophages have a substantial capacity to alter prokaryote communities, and because perturbations in prokaryote communities contribute to disease processes, analysis of bacteriophages may provide important clues as to the development of both periodontitis and dental caries in our human subjects. The implications for disease development render this research relevant to public health, and may provide a new focal point for the development of tests for the diagnosis and prediction of disease associated with human microbial communities.