Next generation bisphosphonates for chemo- and immuno-therapy

描述（由申请人提供）：这项工作的目的是开发主要靶向类异戊二烯生物合成的新型抗癌药物。这项工作建立在最近几项临床试验的基础上，即双膦酸盐药物唑来膦酸盐作为乳腺癌的辅助治疗（与芳香酶抑制剂联合治疗）具有意想不到的积极作用，除了增加前列腺癌患者的生存率外，还将疾病的复发率（在任何部位）降低了36%。可能的靶点是直接杀死肿瘤细胞、抑制侵袭性和血管生成以及“表型转换”（34 T细胞活化和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）从促肿瘤M2表型转化为抗肿瘤M1表型）。在这里提出的工作中，我们将测试一种称为“亲脂性双膦酸盐”（LBP）的新型双膦酸盐在肿瘤细胞杀伤和34 T细胞活化方面远比唑来膦酸盐有效的假设，并且它们还将使巨噬细胞从M2 -> M1转换，从而为癌症化疗和免疫治疗提供新的线索。我们还建议测试的假设，通过使用高场固态NMR和量热法的组合，以开发骨配体相互作用的分子模型，我们可以非常有效地设计其他抗癌药物，结合骨，实现长期追求的目标“魔术子弹”骨疾病。在目标1中，我们将开发抑制两种异戊烯基合酶的化合物：法呢基二磷酸合酶（FPPS）和香叶基香叶基二磷酸合酶（GGPPS），其参与蛋白质（例如Ras、Rho、Rap 1A）异戊烯化，在细胞信号传导和细胞存活途径中具有重要性。在目标2中，我们将对目标1中制备的化合物进行基于细胞的体内测试。在目标3中，我们将开发“骨标签”或“魔术子弹”的概念，即能够将药物递送到骨的化合物。如果成功，我们将开发出全新的癌症化疗和免疫治疗方法，未来将对临床产生重大影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objective of this work is to develop novel anti-cancer drugs that target, primarily, isoprenoid biosynthesis. The work builds on the discovery in several recent clinical trials that the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate has unexpected positive effects as an adjuvant (in combination therapy with aromatase inhibitors) in breast cancer, reducing the re-occurrence of disease (at any site) by 36%, in addition to increasing the survival of prostate cancer patients. Likely targets are direct tumor cell killing, inhibition of invasiveness and angiogenesis, and "phenotype switching" (34 T cell activation and conversion of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) from a pro-tumor, M2, to an anti-tumor, M1, phenotype). In the work proposed here we will test the hypothesis that a new class of bisphosphonates called "lipophilic bisphosphonates" (LBPs) will be far more effective than zoledronate in tumor cell killing and in 34 T cell activation and that they will also switch macrophages from M2 -> M1, resulting in new leads for cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy. We also propose to test the hypothesis that by using a combination of high-field solid-state NMR and calorimetry to develop molecular models for bone-ligand interactions, we can very effectively design other anti-cancer drugs that bind to bone, realizing the long sought after goal of "magic bullets" for bone diseases. In Aim 1, we will develop compounds that inhibit two prenyl synthase enzymes: farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), that are involved in protein (e.g. Ras, Rho, Rap1A) prenylation, of importance in cell signaling and cell survival pathways. In Aim 2, we will carry out cell-based and in vivo testing of the compounds made in Aim 1. In Aim 3, we will develop the concept of "bone-tags" or "magic bullets", compounds which enable the delivery of drugs to bone. If successful, we will thus develop completely new approaches to cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy that, in the future, will have a major impact in the clinic.