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Impact of Air Pollution Reductions during the Beijing Olympics on Pre-term birth

北京奥运会期间空气污染减少对早产的影响

基本信息

批准号：
8248281
负责人：
DAVID Quincy RICH
金额：
$ 29.58万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2010-08-01 至 2014-03-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8248281
关键词：
Acute Adult Air Air Pollution Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Automobile Driving Biological Markers Birth Birth Rate Birth Weight Body Weight Changes Caliber Carbon Carbon Monoxide Chemicals Child Chinese People Cities Country Coupling Data Elements Evaluation Fetal Growth Retardation Fetus Funding Future Government Health Health Benefit Human Individual Inorganic Sulfates Intervention Ions Measurement Measures Metals Monitor Morbidity - disease rate Mothers National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Natural experiment Nitrates Nitrogen Dioxide Outcome Outcome Study Ozone Particulate Matter Pollution Pregnancy Premature Birth Public Health Reporting Reproductive Health Research Personnel Respiratory physiology Risk Risk Estimate Risk Factors Sample Size Series Site Source Steel Sulfur Dioxide Term Birth Time Unspecified or Sulfate Ion Sulfates Utah adverse outcome ammonium nitrate base data registry design improved mortality perinatal health pollutant pregnant prenatal prevent public health relevance reproductive respiratory response

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by investigator): Recent studies have provided some evidence of an association between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes including preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction. However, these studies have been inconsistent in both the pollutant(s) most consistently associated with the adverse birth outcome, and the time windows during pregnancy when pollutant concentrations are associated with these adverse outcomes. Reviews have suggested the use of 'natural experiments', studies of large and drastic changes in air pollution in a city or region that allow a more controlled evaluation of any association between a health outcome and ambient air pollution levels. We propose to take advantage of the natural experiment in Beijing during the 2008 Summer Olympics where air pollution levels were drastically reduced for a 6 week period, and then allowed to return to near Pre-Olympic levels after the games. We will examine whether these pollutant reductions were associated with decreases in the preterm birth rate and increases in birth weight. This short time window of reduced pollutant levels will allow us to isolate smaller periods of pregnancy than possible in previous studies, in order to more critically evaluate potential pregnancy periods when the fetus may be susceptible to air pollution. In a current study in central Beijing, our group is examining several hypothesized mechanisms of air pollution cardio-respiratory health effects by assessing pollution associated changes in multiple biomarkers. For this study, based on the same natural experiment, we have measured ambient concentrations of PM2.5, chemical constituents of PM2.5 including ions (e.g. sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium), elemental carbon, organic carbon, 24 elements (mainly metals), 14 PAHs,, and several gaseous pollutants before, during, and after the Olympic period. We have observed 31 percent-59 percent declines in pollutant concentrations from before to during the Olympics (e.g. mean PM2.5 declined from 104 to 65 5g/m3) and 19 percent-190 percent increases after the Olympics. We propose to use these same pollutant data, as well as PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations measured across Beijing at multiple stations, and birth registry data for a 3 year period from 5 adjacent Beijing districts. We will examine whether there were significant changes in the preterm birth rate and mean term birth weight, comparing the 2008 Olympic period to the same period in 2007. We will estimate the risk of preterm birth and change in term birth weight associated with changes in pollutant concentrations throughout pregnancy. The proposed analyses, with better control of confounding due to the 'natural experiment' design, will improve our limited understanding of the pregnancy times during which pollution may exert its influence on perinatal health and will also, for the first time, explore whether specific PM constituents may be responsible for these adverse birth outcome associations. The findings should help develop public health strategies to reduce these risks. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project will examine the reproductive health benefit of the large and drastic air pollution reductions observed during the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. By studying the association between preterm birth, birth weight, and changes in the concentrations of several pollutants before, during, and after the Olympic games, the project should provide a more complete picture of the pregnancy times during which pollution may exert its influence on preterm birth and birth weight, a more comprehensive understanding of the specific pollutants and sources responsible for these associations than has been possible in previous studies, and better control of confounding due to the 'natural experiment' design.

描述（由研究者提供）：最近的研究提供了一些证据，证明空气污染与不良出生结局（包括早产和胎儿生长受限）之间存在关联。然而，这些研究在与不良出生结果最一致的污染物以及怀孕期间污染物浓度与这些不良结果相关的时间窗口方面并不一致。评论建议使用“自然实验”，对城市或地区空气污染的巨大而剧烈的变化进行研究，以便对健康结果与环境空气污染水平之间的任何关联进行更可控的评估。我们建议利用2008年夏季奥运会期间北京的自然实验，在六周内大幅降低空气污染水平，并在奥运会结束后恢复到接近奥运会前的水平。我们将研究这些污染物的减少是否与早产率的下降和出生体重的增加有关。污染物水平降低的短时间窗口将使我们能够比以前的研究隔离更小的怀孕期，以便更严格地评估胎儿可能容易受到空气污染的潜在怀孕期。在北京市中心目前的一项研究中，我们的小组正在通过评估多种生物标志物与污染相关的变化来研究空气污染对心肺健康影响的几种假设机制。在本研究中，基于相同的自然实验，我们测量了奥运期间之前、期间和之后的环境PM2.5浓度、PM2.5的化学成分，包括离子（例如硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵）、元素碳、有机碳、24种元素（主要是金属）、14种多环芳烃以及多种气态污染物。我们观察到，从奥运会前到奥运会期间，污染物浓度下降了31%-59%（例如，平均PM2.5从104 5g/m3下降到65 5g/m3），而奥运会后则上升了19%-190%。我们建议使用这些相同的污染物数据，以及北京多个站点测量的 PM10、NO2 和 SO2 浓度，以及北京邻近 5 个区 3 年的出生登记数据。我们将检查2008年奥运会期间与2007年同期的早产率和平均足月出生体重是否有显着变化。我们将估计早产风险和足月出生体重的变化与整个怀孕期间污染物浓度变化的关系。拟议的分析通过“自然实验”设计更好地控制了混杂因素，将提高我们对怀孕时间的有限了解，在此期间污染可能对围产期健康产生影响，并且还将首次探讨特定的 PM 成分是否可能与这些不良出生结果相关。研究结果应有助于制定公共卫生策略以减少这些风险。公共健康相关性：该项目将研究 2008 年北京夏季奥运会期间空气污染大幅减少所带来的生殖健康效益。通过研究早产、出生体重以及奥运会之前、期间和之后几种污染物浓度变化之间的关联，该项目应提供对污染可能对早产和出生体重产生影响的怀孕时间的更全面的了解，比以前的研究更全面地了解造成这些关联的具体污染物和来源，并更好地控制由于“自然实验”设计而产生的混杂因素。