The Emergence of Self-Control: Comparative Beh. and Neurobiological Assessments

自我控制的出现：比较行为。

• 批准号: 8511754
• 负责人: Michael J Beran
• 金额: $ 7.83万
• 依托单位: GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8511754
• 关键词: Accounting; Adaptive Behaviors; Adult; Affect; Age; Animal Testing; Animals; Anterior; Area; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Behavior; Behavioral; Behavioral inhibition; Biological; Brain; Brain region; Capuchin Monkey; Characteristics; Cognitive; Competence; Complex; Decision Making; Development; Drug usage; Eating; Evaluation; Exercise; Exertion; Failure; Food; Foundations; Future; Gambling; Genetic; Goals; Habits; Health; Human; Hyperphagia; Impulsivity; Individual; Individual Differences; Informal Social Control; Language; Linguistics; Link; Literature; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Maintenance; Measures; Memory; Modeling; Monitor; Monkeys; Morality; Motivation; Muscle; Neurobiology; Organism; Outcome; Pan Genus; Partner in relationship; Patients; Performance; Phylogenetic Analysis; Physical aggression; Play; Pongidae; Prefrontal Cortex; Primates; Process; Research; Resources; Rewards; Role; Satiation; Self-control as a personality trait; Smoking; Social Interaction; Societies; Source; Stimulus; Symptoms; Testing; Time; Uncertainty; base; biobehavior; cingulate cortex; cognitive control; comparative; cost; design; directed attention; discounting; exhaust; experience; high risk sexual behavior; improved; insight; interest; juvenile animal; mature animal; nonhuman primate; response; restraint; social; species difference; trend

A comparative perspective offers an excellent means for understanding the basic mechanisms of self-control. In comparison to human studies, animal studies offer higher levels of control over environmental aspects such as satiation and motivation and allow greater opportunity for repeated testing over time. In addition, animal studies allow for self-control assessments distinct from other cognitive and social capacities that are universal in humans (e.g., language and cultural influences). Although our initial task is to demonstrate that nonhuman animals can regulate their impulsive tendencies, our ultimate goal is to determine how that happens. What does the organism do to assert self-control? How is attention directed, and what behavioral strategies are efficient in supporting self-control? What role does the behavior of other animals play in self-control and can changes in social situations improve self-control? Are self-control capacities a limited resource (like aspects of memory or even muscle exertion)? What brain regions support inhibitory processes in these animals, and do they match those found in humans? [Finally, how does development interact with each of these questions?] The significance of these studies is a better understanding of why self-control fails, how such failures are linked to environmental and biological influences, and what strategies might be used to improve self-control in situations in which impulsivity is the likely response of the organism. The consequences of self-control failures cannot be overstated. Overeating, drug use, risky sexual behavior, compulsive gambling, and physical aggression all occur because of a lack of behavioral restraint, and they have direct negative effects on health, wellbeing, and society. All of these behaviors result from short-sightedness in evaluating outcomes, a central feature of impulsivity. The well-established literature on delay discounting indicates clearly that animals (including humans) typically value things nearer in time while devaluing those further in the future (e.g., Estle et al., 2007; Green et al., 2004; Kagel et al., 1986; Logue, 1988; Odum & Rainuad, 2003). Of course, in some instances short-term interests should be valued at a premium given uncertainty about the future. Never knowing when one would next encounter a plentiful food source or an opportunity to mate meant that activities available here and now were highly valued. However, with the development of future-oriented processes such as planning, and the emergence of accurate memories of past opportunities taken and avoided, organisms could anticipate the likelihood of better future rewards and the cost of taking or avoiding current rewards.

比较观点为理解自我控制的基本机制提供了一种极好的手段。 与人类研究相比，动物研究提供了更高水平的对环境方面的控制 作为饱足和动力，随着时间的推移，重复测试的机会更大。另外，动物 研究允许自我控制的评估与其他认知和社会能力不同的评估 在人类中（例如语言和文化影响）。尽管我们最初的任务是证明非人类 动物可以调节其冲动倾向，我们的最终目标是确定发生这种情况。什么 生物体是否要主张自我控制？注意力如何定向以及哪些行为策略是 有效支持自我控制？其他动物的行为在自我控制中起什么作用，可以 社交情况的变化改善了自我控制？自我控制能力是有限的资源（例如 记忆甚至肌肉运动）？哪些大脑区域支持这些动物的抑制过程，并做 他们与在人类中发现的那些人相匹配吗？ [最后，发展如何与这些问题中的每个问题相互作用？] 这些研究的意义是更好地理解自我控制失败的原因，这些失败是如何链接的 环境和生物学影响，以及哪些策略可以用于改善自我控制 冲动性的情况是生物体的反应。自我控制失败的后果 不能被夸大。暴饮暴食，使用毒品，有风险的性行为，强迫性赌博和身体 侵略都因为缺乏行为限制而发生，它们对健康有直接的负面影响， 福祉和社会。所有这些行为都是由评估结果的短视而产生的，这是一个中心 冲动的特征。关于延迟打折的完善文献清楚地表明了动物 （包括人类）通常会在及时更接近事物的同时将未来进一步贬值（例如，Estle et eT Al。，2007； Green等，2004； Kagel等，1986;洛格，1988年； Odum＆Rainuad，2003年）。当然，在某些 实例短期利益应以对未来的不确定性保费。绝不 知道接下来何时会遇到充足的食物来源或与之交配的机会意味着活动 现在和现在都有很高的价值。但是，随着未来面向的过程的发展 作为计划，以及对过去和避免的过去机会的准确记忆的出现，有机体 可以预期获得更好的未来奖励的可能性以及获得或避免当前奖励的成本。