Epidemiology and Transmission

流行病学项目的总体目标是增进人们对持续、强化的公共卫生干预措施如何减少疟疾传播的理解，这些干预措施包括普遍部署长激光驱虫蚊帐(LLIN)和青蒿素联合治疗(ACT)如何改变疟原虫种之间的复杂关系。以可转化为监测、评估和指导区域和国家疟疾控制方案的方式传播寄生虫、疟疾病媒和人类宿主。 该项目的主要特点包括：i)三个表明东南亚/太平洋地区恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫流行和传播潜力的研究地点，范围从全流行(巴布亚新几内亚北海岸大陆[巴布亚新几内亚])、中/高度流行(东新英国巴布亚新几内亚)和低流行(所罗门群岛西部省)，ii)在所有三个地点执行类似的研究设计(纵向年龄分层儿童队列研究和社区感染和发病率监测)，iii)有机会直接比较干预措施对控制和消除间日疟原虫与间日疟的影响，以及，(四)与该地区的国家疟疾控制方案密切联系。具体目标是： 1)确定持续控制对疟疾流行不同地区1-5岁儿童疟疾感染模式的影响及其对疟疾发病率的贡献 2)评估持续控制对疟疾感染力、复杂性和动力学的影响。 6-12岁的儿童 3)确定特定年龄的感染流行率和疟疾可归因性疾病的变化 4)研究恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫感染过程中配子体的动态变化 5)监测疟原虫遗传多样性的变化。在不断加剧的背景下的感染 控制活动 项目1对ICEMR的协同作用至关重要，因为研究项目2(传播)和研究项目3(致病/免疫)将在相同的流行地点进行，数据共享，实验室测试由核心B(数据库)和核心C(分子诊断)进行。

The overall goal ofthe Epidemiology Project is to advance understanding of how reductions in malaria transmission mediated by sustained, intensified public health interventions that include universal deployment of long lasfing insecficide treated bed nets (LLINs) and artemisin combination treatment (ACT) alter the complex relationship between Plasmodium spp. parasites, malaria vectors and the human host in ways that can be translated to monitoring, evaluating and guiding regional and national malaria control programs. Major features of the project include i) three study sites that signify the breadth of P. falciparum and P. vivax endemicity and transmission potential in the SE Asia/Pacific region, ranging from holoendemic (north coast mainland Papua New Guinea [PNG]), meso/hyperendemic (East New Britain PNG), and hypoendemic (Western Province, Solomon Islands), ii) the execution of similar study designs in all three sites (longitudinal age-stratified childhood cohort studies and community surveillance for infection and morbidity), iii) the opportunity to compare directly the impact of interventions on control and elimination of P. falciparum versus P. vivax and, iv) close ties with national malaria control programs in the region. The specific aims are to; 1) Determine the effect of sustained control on patterns of Plasmodium spp infections and their contribution to malarial morbidity in children 1-5 years of age living in 3 areas with differing malaria endemicity 2) Assess effect of sustained control on force, complexity and dynamics of Plasmodium infections in children 6-12 years of age 3) Determine changes in the age-specific prevalence of infection and malaria-attributable illness 4) Study the gametocyte dynamics in P. falciparum and P. vivax infections 5) Monitor the changes in genetic diversity of Plasmodium spp. infections in the context of intensifying control activities Project 1 is central to the synergy of the ICEMR since Research Projects 2 (transmission) and 3 (Pathogenesis/immunity) will be done in the same endemic sites, with data shared and laboratory tests conducted by Core B (Database) and Core C (Molecular Diagnosfics).