Intervening to Improve Birth Weight and Infant Respiratory Health in Rural Ghana

生物质燃烧产生的烟雾每年导致大约160万人死亡，并在全球疾病负担中占很大比例，这在很大程度上是由于5岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）的风险增加。最近的证据还表明，怀孕期间接触烹饪烟雾可能与出生体重减轻有关。这一问题在撒哈拉以南非洲尤为重要，因为那里普遍使用生物质燃料做饭。拟议研究的总体目标是测试市售的低成本改良炉灶在改善婴儿从出生到6个月大的健康结果方面的有效性。将检验两个假设：假设1。从怀孕第三个月开始使用改良炉灶将导致新生儿平均出生体重显著增加。假设2：使用改良的炉灶将导致出生后前六个月内严重ALRI的发生率显著降低。这些假设将在西非加纳农村的Kintampo区的800对母婴中进行随机干预试验。在怀孕的第三个三个月之前，将确定在家中担任主要厨师的孕妇。我们将随机分配村庄，平均资产匹配，早期或晚期干预组。在早期干预村庄，将向登记的孕妇分发改进的炉灶，沿着健康保险和经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐。晚期干预组将在登记时获得保险和蚊帐，并在产后随访完成时进行全面干预。将在入组时通过超声检查确定胎龄，并确认潜在受试者携带活单胎胎儿。我们将评估所有受试者在妊娠期和新生儿期的一氧化碳（CO）实时个人暴露。在出生时，我们将测量出生体重，并收集胎盘涂片进行疟疾评估。实地工作人员将根据儿童疾病综合管理准则，在儿童出生后的前六个月内每周在家中监测严重肺炎，并将病例转诊。拟议中的研究建立在哥伦比亚大学和加纳中部的金坦波健康研究中心之间的既定合作基础上。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Smoke from biomass combustion leads to approximately 1.6 million excess annual deaths and a substantial share of the global burden of disease, due in large part to increased risk of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children under age five. Recent evidence also suggests that exposures to cook smoke during pregnancy may be associated with reduced birth weight. This issue is particularly relevant in sub-Saharan Africa, where cooking with biomass fuels is widespread. The overall goal of the proposed research is to test the effectiveness of commercially available, low cost improved cook stoves in improving infant health outcomes from birth through six months of age. Two hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1. Use of improved cook stoves starting by the third trimester pregnancy will lead to a significant increase in average birth weight in newborns. Hypothesis 2: Use of improved cook stoves will lead to a significant reduction in the rate of severe ALRI during the first six months of life. These hypotheses will be tested in a randomized intervention trial among 800 maternal- infant pairs in the Kintampo district of rural Ghana in West Africa. Pregnant women who are primary cooks in their families will be identified before the third trimester of pregnancy. We will randomly assign villages, matched on average assets, to early or late intervention groups. Within the early intervention villages, improved cook stoves will be distributed to enrolled pregnant women, along with health insurance and an insecticide-treated bed net. The late intervention group will receive insurance and a bed net at enrollment, and the full intervention at the completion of the postnatal follow-up. Gestational age will be determined by sonogram upon enrollment and provide confirmation that potential subjects are carrying live singleton fetuses. We will assess real-time personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) among all subjects during pregnancy and during the neonatal period. At birth we will measure birthweight and collect a placental smear for malaria assessment. Field workers will monitor for severe pneumonia at weekly intervals in the home for the first six months of the life of a child based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines, with clinical referral of cases. The proposed research builds on an established collaboration between Columbia University and the Kintampo Health Research Center in central Ghana.