Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase and Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes

描述（由申请人提供）：1型糖尿病（T1 D）是由一系列复杂的事件引起的，这些事件破坏了免疫耐受并最终导致胰岛2细胞的破坏。B淋巴细胞（B细胞）在疾病发展中起关键作用，可能是通过抗原呈递给病原性T细胞。B细胞对糖尿病发展的贡献取决于多种因素，包括对自身抗原耐受性的丧失。这种耐受性是由通过B细胞受体（BCR）对抗原结合的细胞应答介导的。布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶（BTK）是BCR触发的信号通路的核心组分。了解B细胞驱动的糖尿病发展的细胞信号成分将推动该领域朝着特异性靶向致病性B细胞的方向发展。我们已经将btk缺陷基因渗入到T1D的非肥胖糖尿病（NOD）小鼠模型中，并发现这导致了对糖尿病发展的显着保护。此外，btk缺陷干扰B细胞相关的免疫耐受破坏，如野生型NOD小鼠中胰岛素特异性IgG自身抗体的丧失和转基因抗胰岛素BCR模型中胰岛素结合B细胞的减少所证明的。该提议背后的具体假设是BTK介导的BCR信号的传播有助于1）自身反应性B淋巴细胞的选择和存活，和2）这些B细胞的疾病促进功能特性。为了了解BTK在破坏B淋巴细胞耐受性和促进自身免疫性糖尿病疾病中的作用机制，我们建议：1）发现BTK如何参与自身反应性B淋巴细胞的选择和保留，使用包括条件性B细胞特异性BTK敲除模型和小分子BTK抑制剂的新工具，2）通过系统地恢复负责激酶和连接功能的独立组分，确定BTK分子的哪些结构域负责自身反应性B淋巴细胞选择和功能，和3）通过检查对B细胞亚群、抗原呈递结果和调节参数的影响来研究btk缺陷在预防T1D中的机制。该项目在理解BCR信号传导如何支持T1D中自身反应性B细胞的选择、存活和功能方面具有直接的临床重要性，这是开发治疗干预措施的必要步骤。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from a complex cascade of events that breaks immune tolerance and culminates in the destruction of islet 2 cells. B lymphocytes (B cells) play a critical role in disease development, probably via antigen-presentation to pathogenic T cells. B cell contribution to the development of diabetes depends upon multiple factors, including loss of tolerance to self antigen. This tolerance is mediated by cellular responses to antigen-binding via the B cell receptor (BCR). Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a central component of the BCR-triggered signaling pathway. Understanding cell signaling components underlying B cell-driven diabetes development will advance the field toward specific targeting of pathogenic B cells. We have introgressed btk-deficiency onto the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D, and found that this results in significant protection against the development of diabetes. In addition, btk-deficiency interferes with B cell related breaches of immune tolerance, as evidenced by the loss of insulin-specific IgG autoantibodies in wild type NOD mice, and reduction of insulin-binding B cells in a transgenic anti-insulin BCR model. The specific hypothesis underlying this proposal is that BTK-mediated propagation of BCR signals contributes to 1) selection and survival of autoreactive B lymphocytes, and 2) disease- promoting functional properties of these B cells. To understand the mechanisms of action of BTK in breaking B lymphocyte tolerance and promoting disease in autoimmune diabetes, we propose to: 1) discover how BTK participates in the selection and retention of autoreactive B lymphocytes, using use new tools that include a conditional, B cell-specific BTK knockout model and small molecule BTK- inhibitors, 2) determine which domains of the BTK molecule are responsible for autoreactive B lymphocyte selection and function, by systematically restoring independent components responsible for the kinase and linking functions, and 3) investigate the mechanisms of btk-deficiency in preventing T1D by examining effects on B cell subsets, antigen-presenting outcomes, and regulatory parameters. This project has direct clinical importance in understanding how BCR-signaling supports the selection, survival and function of autoreactive B cells in T1D, as a necessary step in developing therapeutic interventions.