Experimentally Testing the Effect of Parent-Adolescent Conflict on HIV Risk

描述（由申请人提供）：在美国，HIV感染率已上升至流行水平，其中许多新感染发生在青少年中（CDC，2009）。从事冒险行为，如使用药物，使青少年感染艾滋病毒的风险增加（Leigh & Stall，1993）。青少年冒险行为增加的原因有神经学和环境方面的原因：（a）青少年大脑各区域的发育速度不同，影响他们调节自己行为的能力，特别是评估从事特定行为的风险和回报的能力（例如，，物质使用，无保护的性交; Geier，Terwilliger，Teslovich，Velanova，& Luna，2010 l Steinberg，2007）;和（B）家庭层面的前兆，如父母与青少年的冲突，已显着相关，并可能构成风险，从事物质使用和冒险（邓肯，邓肯，Biglan，和阿里，1998年）。因此，父母-青少年冲突可能是HIV风险行为的重要近端影响（Lam，Cance，Eke，Fishbein，Hawkins，威廉姆斯，2007; Lester等人，Rowe，Wang，Greenbaum，& Liddle，2008）。然而，亲子冲突与青少年艾滋病危险行为之间的时间关系仍然是未知的。此外，有可能是青少年的轮廓，这种冲突增加了艾滋病毒风险行为的可能性。为了研究父母-青少年冲突在艾滋病毒风险行为中的作用，青少年将被随机分配与他们的父母一起完成一项标准化的讨论任务，在这项任务中，他们讨论一个控制话题（即，计划家庭度假）或冲突话题（即，在家里讨论引起父母与青少年冲突的话题，如“做家务”）。讨论任务结束后，所有青少年将立即完成一项实验室风险承担措施。青少年还将完成对现实世界冒险行为的自我报告。建议的研究的主要目的是确定是否有一个因果关系之间的联系，父母-青少年冲突和冒险行为，并确定相关的因素，父母-青少年冲突和艾滋病毒的风险行为得分高的青少年基于性能的冒险措施。目前的物质使用被假设为冲突和风险行为之间关系的调节因素。作为一个探索性的后续行动，并确定为当前的物质使用者的青少年的子样本，调查大脑皮层区域，温和的父母-青少年的冲突和风险行为之间的关系，使用功能性近红外光谱设备。该奖项的培训目标是在青少年冒险，奖励过程和成瘾的概念化，发展和神经行为基础方面奠定坚实的基础;开发家庭水平HIV风险行为前兆的多方法评估背景;并开发神经成像方法的背景。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): HIV infection rates have increased in the United States to epidemic levels, and many of these new infections occur in adolescents (CDC, 2009). Engaging in risk-taking behaviors such as substance use puts adolescents at heightened risk for HIV infection (Leigh & Stall, 1993). Neurological and environmental reasons have been suggested for this increased risk taking in adolescence: (a) regions of adolescents' brains develop at different rates, affecting their abilities to regulate their actions and in particular assess risks and rewards for engaging in specific behaviors (e.g,, substance use, unprotected sexual intercourse; Geier, Terwilliger, Teslovich, Velanova, & Luna, 2010l Steinberg, 2007); and (b) family-level precursors such as parent-adolescent conflict have been significantly associated with and may pose risk for engaging in substance use and risk-taking (Duncan, Duncan, Biglan, & Ary, 1998). Thus, parent-adolescent conflict may be an important proximal influence in HIV risk behaviors (Lam, Cance, Eke, Fishbein, Hawkins, Williams, 2007; Lester et al., 2010; Rowe, Wang, Greenbaum, & Liddle, 2008). Yet, the temporal relation between parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent HIV risk behaviors is still unknown. Further, it is possible there is a profile of adolescents for whom this conflict increases the likelihood of HIV risk behaviors. To investigate the role of parent-adolescent conflict in HIV risk behaviors, adolescents will be randomly assigned with their parent to complete a standardized discussion task in which they discuss either a control topic (i.e., planning a family vacation) or a conflict topic (i.e., discusing a topic at home that arouses parent-adolescent conflict such as "doing chores"). Immediately after the discussion task, all adolescents will complete a laboratory risk-taking measure. Adolescents will also complete a self-report measure of real-world risk taking behaviors. The primary aims of the proposed research are to determine if there is a causal link between parent-adolescent conflict and risk-taking behaviors and to identify the factors related to parent-adolescent conflict and HIV risk behaviors for adolescents who score high on the performance-based risk-taking measure. Current substance use is hypothesized to be a moderator of the relation between conflict and risk behaviors. As an exploratory follow-up and with a subsample of adolescents identified as current substance users, investigate the cortical brain regions that moderate the relation between parent-adolescent conflict and risk behaviors using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy device. Training goals for this award are to gain a solid foundation in the conceptualization, development, and neurobehavioral underpinnings of adolescent risk taking, reward processes, and addictions; develop a background in multi-method assessments of family level precursors for HIV risk behaviors; and develop a background in neuroimaging methods.