Developmental changes and individual differences in sensitivity to fairness in in

发育变化和公平敏感度的个体差异

• 批准号: 8705561
• 负责人: Jessica Sommerville
• 金额: $ 29.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-08-01 至 2018-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8705561
• 关键词: Achievement; Address; Adult; Affective; Age; Age-Months; Attitude; Autistic Disorder; Back; Behavior; Caregivers; Child; Cognition; Cognitive; Cognitive deficits; Detection; Development; Diagnosis; Empathy; Evaluation; Event; Frequencies; Goals; Individual; Individual Differences; Inequality; Infant; Infant Development; Intuition; Judgment; Knowledge; Lead; Learning; Life; Link; Maintenance; Measures; Methods; Modeling; Morals; Mydriasis; Nature; Nursery Schools; Parents; Process; Research; Resources; Role; Scientist; Series; Social Behavior; Social Development; Socialization; Source; Specificity; Stress; Techniques; Testing; Theoretical model; Time; Toy; Work; abstracting; age related; base; cohesion; developmental disease; experience; infancy; innovation; novel; public health relevance; remediation; research study; response; social; social cognition; social norm; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The ability to recognize social and moral norms, and use them to guide behavior, is fundamental to social cohesion and harmony. One prominent norm that guides adults' and children's actions and evaluations of events is the norm of a fair distribution of goods based on the "principle of equality": that, all other things considered, good should be divided equally to recipients. The goal of the proposed experiments is to test a new developmental model regarding the development of fairness sensitivity within infancy, that stresses infants' interactions with caregivers in the context of sharing games as the source of age-related changes and individual differences in infants' acquisition of equality norms. The proposed research has 3 specific aims, 1) to characterize the development origins and trajectory of infants' burgeoning acquisition of equality norms, 2) to investigate the causal role f sharing experience infants' responses to inequality, 3) to investigate the nature of infants' responses to inequality, and, more specifically, whether and when such responses become moral intuitions. We test 3 central hypotheses regarding infants' developing sensitivity to fairness in the context of resource distribution tasks. The first hypothesis is that developmental changes occur between 6 and 9 months of age in infants' ability to detect inequality, coincident with the onset of sharing experience. The second hypothesis is that individual differences in infants' inequality responses arise from individual differences in parental dispositional empathy that influence the ways in which parents emphasize principles of equality and reciprocity in infant-caregiver interactions. The third hypothesis is that infants' inequality responses incrementally, and over time, begin to encompass various affective and cognitive components of more mature moral judgments. Across 10 experiments 6 to 24-month-old infants take part in both implicit tasks (based on looking times and pupil dilation) and explicit tasks (based on infants' overt social behavior) to investigate developmental changes and individual differences in responses to inequality. The proposed experiments are conceptually innovative because they 1) test a novel theoretical model with respect to infants' burgeoning fairness concerns that stresses the role of both parental attitudes and everyday experience in early social cognition, 2) seek to establish criteria for investigating the origins of moral judgment in infancy, and 3) investigate the origins of individual differences in early social cognition. The proposed work is also methodologically innovative as it introduces 3 novel experimental tasks and a novel dependent measure (pupil dilation) to study infants' acquisition of socio-moral norms; the introduction of these methods will have broad- ranging effects on the field or early perceptual and cognitive development by increasing the armory of tools and techniques available to developmental scientists. Finally, the proposed work may have import in the diagnosis and remediation of developmental disorders, such as autism, that are characterized by social deficits, including a recognition and understanding of social norms.

描述（由申请人提供）：认识社会和道德规范并利用它们指导行为的能力是社会凝聚力与和谐的基础。指导成人和儿童的行为和对事件的评价的一个突出规范是基于“平等原则”的公平分配商品的规范：即，考虑到所有其他因素，良好的东西应该平均分配给接受者。所提出的实验的目的是测试一种关于婴儿期公平敏感性发展的新发展模型，该模型强调婴儿在共享游戏的背景下与照顾者的互动，这是婴儿获得平等规范的年龄相关变化和个体差异的根源。拟议的研究有3个具体目标，1）描述婴儿迅速获得平等规范的发展起源和轨迹，2）调查分享婴儿对不平等反应的经验的因果作用，3）调查婴儿对不平等反应的本质，更具体地说，这种反应是否以及何时成为道德直觉。我们测试了 3 个关于婴儿在资源分配任务中对公平的敏感度发展的中心假设。第一个假设是，婴儿发现不平等的能力在 6 至 9 个月之间发生了发育变化，这与分享经验的开始同时发生。第二个假设是，婴儿不平等反应的个体差异源于父母倾向同理心的个体差异，影响父母在婴儿与照顾者互动中强调平等和互惠原则的方式。第三个假设是，婴儿的不平等反应逐渐增加，随着时间的推移，开始涵盖更成熟的道德判断的各种情感和认知成分。在 10 项实验中，6 至 24 个月大的婴儿参与隐性任务（基于注视时间和瞳孔扩张）和显性任务（基于婴儿的明显社会行为），以调查发育变化和对不平等反应的个体差异。所提出的实验在概念上具有创新性，因为它们1）针对婴儿新兴的公平问题测试了一种新颖的理论模型，强调父母态度和日常经验在早期社会认知中的作用，2）寻求建立研究婴儿期道德判断起源的标准，3）研究早期社会认知中个体差异的起源。这项工作在方法上也具有创新性，因为它引入了 3 个新颖的实验任务和一种新颖的依赖测量（瞳孔扩张）来研究婴儿对社会道德规范的习得；这些方法的引入将通过增加发育科学家可用的工具和技术库，对该领域或早期知觉和认知发展产生广泛的影响。最后，拟议的工作可能对诊断和治疗发育障碍（例如自闭症）具有重要意义，这些障碍的特点是社会缺陷，包括对社会规范的认识和理解。