Mechanisms of the Nicotine Metabolism Effect on Tobacco Dependence

描述(由申请人提供)：先前的研究表明，尼古丁代谢更快的吸烟者在戒烟治疗后戒烟率较低。尼古丁代谢率是戒烟最有力的预测指标之一。这项建议的总体目标是阐明尼古丁代谢率影响烟草依赖的尚不清楚的机制。这可能对了解特定的戒烟药物是如何起作用的，以及为特定的吸烟者选择最好的药物具有重要意义。我们的研究将使用尼古丁代谢物比率(核磁共振)(尼古丁代谢物3‘羟基可替宁和可替宁之间的比率，这是我们实验室开发和验证的一种测试)作为尼古丁代谢率的简单和临床可行的生物标志物。我们假设，更快的新陈代谢速度会导致尼古丁从体内更快地消除，大脑在吸烟间隔期间对尼古丁的耐受性会更快地消失，从而导致(1)更严重的尼古丁戒断症状和(2)在戒烟后吸烟带来更大的主观奖励。这些效应将有助于解释为什么尼古丁代谢速度较快的吸烟者与代谢速度较慢的吸烟者相比，对戒烟治疗的反应较差。我们将探索核磁共振与戒断、渴望和奖励等内表型的关系，假设这些因素可能是尼古丁代谢与烟草依赖和戒烟率与药物治疗联系起来的机制的中介。我们的研究设计使用了一段短暂的(6小时)戒烟间隔，然后是一支“奖励”香烟，以引发与戒烟和奖励有关的主观反应。由于吸烟行为和尼古丁依赖的严重程度因种族和性别的不同而不同，我们还将比较非裔美国人和白人吸烟者以及男性和女性的核磁共振与戒断和奖励之间的关系。二次分析将检查尼古丁半衰期是否中介了核磁共振对主要反应措施的观察到的影响[与CYP2A6基因分型相关的额外目标已被取消]。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Prior research indicates that smokers who metabolize nicotine more rapidly have lower quit rates in response to smoking cessation therapy. The rate of nicotine metabolism is one of the most robust predictors of abstinence. The overall goal of this proposal is to elucidate the as yet unknown mechanisms by which the rate of nicotine metabolism influences tobacco dependence. This could have important implications for understanding how particular smoking cessation medications work and in selecting the best medication for a particular smoker. Our studies will use the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) (the ratio between the nicotine metabolites 3'hydroxycotinine and cotinine, a test that was developed and validated by our laboratory) as a simple and clinically feasible biomarker for the rate of nicotine metabolism. We hypothesize that a faster rate of metabolism leads to faster elimination of nicotine from the body and a more rapid dissipation of brain tolerance to nicotine in the interval between cigarettes, leading in turn to (1) more severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms and (2) greater subjective reward from the cigarette smoked following deprivation. These effects would help to explain why smokers with faster rates of nicotine metabolism have a poorer response to smoking cessation therapy when compared to those with slower rates of metabolism. We will explore the relationship of the NMR to the endophenotypes of withdrawal, craving and reward, with the assumption that these factors are likely intermediaries for the mechanism linking nicotine metabolism to tobacco dependence and smoking cessation rates with pharmacotherapy. Our study design uses a brief (6 hour) interval of smoking abstinence followed by a "reward" cigarette to elicit the subjective responses relating to withdrawal and reward. Because smoking behavior and severity of nicotine dependence vary by race and sex we will also compare the relationship between NMR and withdrawal and reward in African American vs. white smokers and in men vs. women. Secondary analyses will examine whether nicotine half-life mediates the observed effects of NMR on primary response measures [additional aim relating to CYP2A6 genotyping has been eliminated].