Interactions of self-referential processing and cognitive control in adolescence

描述（由申请人提供）：青春期是神经和社会发展发生实质性变化的发育时期，与内化障碍和酒精滥用障碍（AUD）的发病相吻合，表现为两性二态。了解青春期发生的社会和神经生物学变化，探索与精神病理发病有关的因素，对于阐明内化障碍和AUDs的生物学机制至关重要。认知控制功能在精神病理状态下经常受到损害，这是青春期研究的一个重要过程，因为额顶叶网络是认知控制的主要基础，在男孩和女孩中具有长期的发展速度和不同的发展轨迹。因此，青少年在认知要求较高的任务中往往表现不一致，尤其是在涉及同伴群体等情绪高涨的环境中。同伴在青少年自我发展中起着重要的作用，自我发展是通过自我参照加工（SRP）来决定的。SRP的性别差异尚未明确测量；然而，数据表明女孩表现出更多的亲社会行为，这可能会导致社会取向的增强，进而影响SRP。SRP涉及默认模式网络（DMN），是一种健康和必要的过程，可以通知动机行为；然而，过度的SRP反映了内化障碍和导致酒精滥用的内化途径中发现的反思过程。事实上，与健康对照组相比，抑郁症患者的DMN长期活跃，在功能上联系更紧密。此外，在抑郁症患者中观察到的认知控制缺陷可能是由于过度活跃的SRP或反刍过程。为了研究SRP如何与认知控制相互作用，支持这些过程的网络之间的状态和特征功能连通性将分别在混合块/事件相关任务中评估SRP和认知控制（Flanker任务）试验和静息状态。由任务激活的网络，DMN（内侧前额叶皮层和后扣带皮层）和额顶叶网络[背外侧前额叶皮层和上顶叶]的状态依赖功能连通性

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescence is a developmental period during which substantial changes in neural and social development occur and coincides with the onset of internalizing disorders and alcohol abuse disorders (AUD) that manifest in a sexually dimorphic manner. Understanding the social and neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence and exploring which factors relate to the onset of psychopathology will be crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms of internalizing disorders and AUDs. Cognitive control function is often compromised in states of psychopathology, and is an important process to study during adolescence because the fronto-parietal network, a primary substrate of cognitive control, has a protracted rate of development with distinct developmental trajectories for boys and girls. As such, adolescents often show inconsistent performance on cognitively demanding tasks, especially during emotionally heightened contexts such as those involving peers groups. Peers play an important role in the development of self, which is determined through self-referential processing (SRP), during adolescence. Sex differences in SRP have not been explicitly measured; however, data suggest that girls exhibit more prosocial behavior, which may lead to a heightened social orientation that, in turn, impacts SRP. SRP engages the default mode network (DMN) and is a healthy and necessary process that informs motivated behavior; however, excessive SRP mirrors ruminative processes found in internalizing disorders and internalizing pathways leading to alcohol abuse. In fact, the DMN has been shown to be chronically active and more robustly functionally connected in depressed patients, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, cognitive control deficits observed in depressed patients may be due to overactive SRP or ruminative processes. To examine how SRP interacts with cognitive control, state and trait functional connectivity between the networks supporting these processes will be assessed during a mixed block/event-related task intermixing SRP and cognitive control (Flanker task) trials and during resting state, respectively. The state-dependent functional connectivity of networks activated by the task, the DMN (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex) and fronto-parietal network [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex), will be examined. Trait-dependent functional connectivity within and between these networks will be examined at rest, using resting state functional connectivity and graph theoretical techniques. Differences in state and trait functional connectivity during task and at rest, respectively, will be correlated with measures of social behavior and rumination, and performance on the Flanker task. Due to the prominence of sex differences in prosocial behavior and onset of internalizing disorders and AUDs during adolescence, sex differences in functional connectivity during task and rest conditions will be examined as well.