Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Pathogenesis

描述（由申请人提供）：丙型肝炎病毒感染最常导致慢性肝炎，约三分之一的患者发展为肝硬化，少数患者发展为肝细胞癌。这种感染也与脂肪肝有关。HCV RNA复制和成熟活动与改变的内质网（ER）膜修饰的膜结构（包括脂滴）有关。最近几个实验室的工作表明细胞脂质/脂肪酸合成途径在病毒复制、形态发生和分泌过程中的作用。这些病毒活动诱导ER应激，其表现为未折叠蛋白反应（UPR）。此外，这些活动改变钙稳态，并诱导HCV表达细胞中的氧化应激。钙信号传导的结果之一是钙依赖性钙蛋白酶的激活。HCV诱导的UPR对CD 1d表达的影响将在HCV感染对ER应激的反应中进行检查。CD 1d加工和脂质抗原装载由微粒体甘油三酯转移蛋白（MTP）催化，HCV基因表达调节ER中MTP活性。因此，HCV诱导的UPR影响先天免疫。在这项研究中，我们建议调查的机制（S），HCV诱导的ER应力/UPR反应改变细胞内事件的过程。我们进一步建议调查的作用，激活的成分的UPR在病毒感染过程中。这些研究将为HCV感染相关的肝病发病机制提供独特的见解。 公共卫生相关性：丙型肝炎病毒感染是慢性肝病的主要原因，感染可进展为肝硬化、脂肪变性和肝细胞癌。HCV基因表达诱导ER应激反应，其激活整个宿主的细胞因子和在肝病发病机制中表现的功能。在这项研究中，我们建议研究ER应激反应/未折叠蛋白反应在影响脂质代谢途径，细胞蛋白酶，从而影响病毒功能，包括复制，形态发生/分泌，并最终在肝脏疾病发病机制中的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hepatitis C virus infection most often leads to chronic hepatitis and about one third of patients develop cirrhosis and a minority of those develops hepatocellular carcinoma. The infection is also associated with fatty liver disease. HCV RNA replication and maturation activities are associated with the altered endoplasmic reticular (ER) membranes modified membranous structures including lipid droplets. Recent work from several laboratories indicates role of cellular lipid/fatty acid synthetic pathways in viral replication, morphogenesis and secretion processes. These viral activities induce ER stress, which manifests as an unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, these activities alter calcium homeostasis and induce oxidative stress in HCV expressing cells. One of the consequences of the calcium signaling is the activation of calcium-dependent calpain proteases. The effect of HCV-induced UPR in CD1d expression will be examined in HCV infection in response to ER stress. CD1d processing and lipid antigen loading is catalyzed by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and HCV gene expression regulates MTP activity in the ER. Thus, HCV-induced UPR affects innate immunity. In this study, we propose to investigate the mechanism(s) by which HCV-induced ER stress/UPR response alters the course of intracellular events. We further propose to investigate the role of activated components of the UPR in the viral infectious processes. These studies will provide unique insights into the mechanisms of liver disease pathogenesis associated with HCV infection. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Hepatitis C virus infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease, and infection can progress to cirrhosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV gene expression induces an ER stress response, which activates a whole host of cellular factors and functions that manifests in liver disease pathogenesis. In this study, we propose to investigate the impact of ER stress response/unfolded protein response in affecting lipid metabolic pathways, cellular proteases, which in turn affect viral functions including replication, morphogenesis/secretion and ultimately in liver disease pathogenesis.