Engineering the Eye IV Restoring Vision

眼睛工程 IV 恢复视力

• 批准号: 8785777
• 负责人: William H Merigan
• 金额: $ 1.84万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-08-01 至 2015-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8785777
• 关键词: Address; Blinded; Brain; Cone; Development; Devices; Disease; Electrodes; Electronics; Engineering; Europe; Eye; Fellowship; Form Perception; Future; Genetic; Goals; Human; Implant; Laboratory Animals; Length; Life; Light; Mediating; Methodology; Methods; Motion; Neuronal Plasticity; Ocular Prosthesis; Pathology; Patients; Perception; Peripheral; Play; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Postdoctoral Fellow; Prevention; Prosthesis; Publications; Recovery; Research; Research Personnel; Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Risk; Role; Scientist; Specialist; Stem cells; Students; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Time; Travel; United States; Viral Vector; Vision; Vision Disorders; Vision research; Visual; Visual Pathways; Visual Perception; Visual impairment; Work; base; blind; deprivation; electronic visual prosthesis; gene therapy; implantation; light gated; luminance; meetings; posters; public health relevance; restoration; retinal neuron; retinal prosthesis; retinal rods; symposium; vision development; vision science; visual information

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Restoration of vision has long been a goal of vision research. It has been studied sporadically since the 1700s, but first produced effective vision restoration when arrays of stimulating electrodes were implanted into the brain, initially by Brindley in 1968 and subsequently by William Dobelle in the 1980s. Since that time, there has been rapid development of a wide range of methods for vision restoration, most of which have been examined only in laboratory animals. These include such diverse approaches as implantation of stem cells into retina and the insertion of light-gated channels into inner retinal neurons. The restoration method that has had the most impact recently, however, is the implantation of electronic stimulation devices just below or above the retina, an approach which recently received CE Mark approval in Europe and FDA approval in the United States. The rapid progress in developing vision restoration technologies has resulted in conferences and publications on technical challenges facing each approach. However, there has been little direct comparison of which methods best meet the goals of vision restoration. Discussion between research groups involved with different approaches has been limited in part by the unique constraints on each methodology. For example, implantation of electronic retinal prostheses is routinely performed in blind humans, although much parallel research continues to examine electronic stimulation of retinal ganglion cells in laboratory animals. Human perception can be easily tested, thus this approach has been shown to produce perceptual benefits, unlike other methods such as viral vectors and pluripotent stem cells that involve great risks of pathology in humans and have therefore been conducted largely in laboratory animals. On the other hand, pluripotent stem cells and use of light sensitive prosthetics such as channelrhodopsin might provide important advantages over electronic prostheses, but analysis of this question requires clear identification of the goals of vision restoration. The 29th Symposium of the Center for Visual Science will bring vision restoration researchers together with low vision specialists who study the importance for daily living of such visual capabilities as: foveal versus peripheral vision, motion versus form perception, and high luminance cone versus low luminance rod mediated vision. It will examine vision restoration in light of the variety of disorders that damag vision and the type of information that partially or totally blind patients need to function normaly. It will also consider the role played by central visual pathways in restoring vision, limitations t recovery resulting from alteration of early visual development, and the importance of cortical plasticity in refinement of visual perception as patients adapt to their visual prosthesis. The conference will also provide an opportunity for students and post-docs to present their work in poster sessions, and will make competitive travel fellowships available to the best of the students and post- docs who wish to attend and present their work.

描述（由申请人提供）：恢复视力长期以来一直是视力研究的目标。自 1700 年代以来，人们对其进行了零星的研究，但当布林德利 (Brindley) 于 1968 年、随后威廉·多贝尔 (William Dobelle) 在 1980 年代将刺激电极阵列植入大脑时，首次实现了有效的视力恢复。从那时起，各种视力恢复方法迅速发展，其中大多数仅在实验动物中进行了检查。其中包括多种方法，例如将干细胞植入视网膜以及将光门通道插入视网膜内部 神经元。然而，最近影响最大的修复方法是在视网膜正下方或上方植入电子刺激装置，这种方法最近获得了欧洲 CE 标志的批准和美国 FDA 的批准。视力恢复技术开发的快速进展催生了有关每种方法面临的技术挑战的会议和出版物。然而，对于哪种方法最能满足视力恢复目标，几乎没有直接比较。涉及不同方法的研究小组之间的讨论部分受到每种方法的独特限制的限制。例如，电子视网膜假体的植入通常在盲人身上进行，尽管许多平行研究仍在继续检查实验动物视网膜神经节细胞的电子刺激。人类感知可以很容易地进行测试，因此这种方法已被证明可以产生感知益处，这与病毒载体和多能干细胞等其他方法不同，这些方法在人类中涉及巨大的病理风险，因此主要在实验动物中进行。另一方面，多能干细胞和光敏感假体（例如视紫红质通道蛋白）的使用可能比电子假体具有重要优势，但分析这个问题需要明确视力恢复的目标。视觉科学中心第 29 届研讨会将把视力恢复研究人员与低视力专家聚集在一起，研究视觉能力对日常生活的重要性，例如：中央凹与周边视觉、运动与形状知觉、高亮度视锥细胞与低亮度视杆细胞介导的视觉。它将根据损害视力的各种疾病以及部分或完全失明的患者正常运作所需的信息类型来检查视力恢复情况。它还将考虑中央视觉通路在恢复视力中所发挥的作用、早期视觉发育改变导致的恢复限制，以及当患者适应视觉假体时皮质可塑性在改善视觉感知中的重要性。会议还将为学生和博士后提供在海报会议上展示其工作的机会，并将为希望参加并展示其工作的最优秀的学生和博士后提供有竞争力的旅行奖学金。