Genetic basis and pathogenicity of invasive growth in yeast

描述（由申请人提供）：真菌是临床感染的主要来源，特别是在免疫系统受损的患者中。真菌寄生于人类宿主的机制尚不完全清楚，但通常被认为与侵入性生长有关。具体来说，许多真菌能够附着并穿透表面，例如人体组织的表面。酿酒酵母菌（Saccharomyces cerevisiae），已知在免疫功能低下的人类中定植，是了解真菌侵入性生长的环境触发因素和遗传机制的有价值模型。虽然酿酒酵母参考菌株S288C不表现出侵入性生长，但我们发现许多生态和遗传多样性的分离株都可以侵入性生长，其性状的表达往往依赖于特定的环境条件。在本提案中，（目的1）我们使用遗传作图和基因工程相结合的方法来鉴定导致酿酒葡萄球菌临床分离株侵袭性生长变异的基因。我们对5个不同菌株在所有10种可能的成对组合中交配产生的2880个分离进行了遗传作图研究。一旦确定了因果基因座，我们将使用基因工程技术将这些基因座解析为特定的基因和遗传变异。（目的2）然后，我们通过将野生分离株和工程菌株感染到动物模型中来测试已确定的因果变异的潜在相关性。我们将把该菌株接种到大量用于研究微生物毒力的蜡蛾幼虫中，并测量菌株引起疾病或死亡的程度。完成拟议的研究将提供有关侵袭性生长的遗传和环境原因的详细信息，并将阐明所鉴定的等位基因的潜在临床相关性。相关性：真菌发病的病例呈上升趋势，迄今已在人类感染中发现了500多种真菌。遗传方法为鉴定真菌发病机制的分子机制提供了有力的工具。然而，常见的机会致病菌，如白色念珠菌，由于无法在实验室有性繁殖，其遗传系统受到重大限制。酿酒葡萄球菌的分离株在它们表现出的致病性性状类型以及这些性状表达的条件方面表现出实质性的差异。为了确定真菌附着和穿透表面的遗传和环境因素，这被认为是致病的原因之一，我们将使用从免疫功能低下的人类中取样的多个酿酒葡萄球菌分离株进行遗传作图实验。该研究将提高对真菌发病机制的普遍认识，并可能确定新的抗真菌药物的潜在靶点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Fungi are a major source of clinical infections, especially among patients with compromised immune systems. The mechanisms fungi use to colonize human hosts are not fully understood, but are thought to often involve invasive growth. Specifically, many fungi are capable of attaching to and penetrating surfaces, such as those of human tissues. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is known to colonize immunocompromised humans, is a valuable model for understanding the environmental triggers and genetic mechanisms that underlie invasive growth in fungi. Although the S. cerevisiae reference strain S288C does not exhibit invasive growth, we have found that many ecologically and genetically diverse isolates can grow invasively, with expression of the trait often dependent on specific environmental conditions. In this proposal, (Aim 1) we use a combination of genetic mapping and genetic engineering to identify genes that cause variability in invasive growth among clinical isolates of S. cerevisiae. We conduct our genetic mapping studies in a panel of 2,880 segregants derived from the mating of 5 diverse strains in all 10 possible pairwise combinations. Once causal loci have been identified, we will use genetic engineering techniques to resolve these loci to specific genes and genetic variants. (Aim 2) We then test the potential relevance of the identified causal variants by infecting wild isolates and engineered strains into an animal model. We will inoculate the strains into a large number of wax moth larvae, which are commonly used to study the virulence of microbes, and measure the extent to which the strains cause sickness or death. Completion of the proposed research will provide detailed information about the genetic and environmental causes of invasive growth, and will also shed light on the potential clinical relevance of the identified alleles. Relevance: Cases of fungal pathogenesis are on the rise, with more than 500 species of fungi identified in human infections to date. Genetic approaches provide powerful tools for identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis in fungi. However, common opportunistic pathogens, such as Candida albicans, suffer from major limitations as genetic systems due to their inability to sexually reproduce in th lab. Isolates of S. cerevisiae exhibit substantial variability in the types of pathogenicity traitsthey exhibit, as well as the conditions in which these traits are expressed. To determine genetic and environmental factors that are involved in fungi attaching to and penetrating surfaces, which is thought to contribute to pathogenesis, we will perform genetic mapping experiments using multiple isolates of S. cerevisiae that were sampled from immunocompromised humans. The proposed research will improve general understanding of fungal pathogenesis and may identify potential targets for new antifungal drugs.