HOW INHIBITORY CONTROL MODIFIES STIMULUS VALUE AND MOTIVATION

描述（由申请人提供）：日常的自我控制行为，例如，香烟，食物和赌博，部分取决于停止行动的能力。虽然我们对人类的行为停止有很多了解，但真实的世界的自我控制，就像上面的例子一样，有很强的价值或动机成分。然而，关于运动停止如何与价值/动机相互作用的研究很少。基于初步数据，我们的核心假设是，运动停止会降低价值和动机。我们将测试三种可能的机制，基于我们的工作与三种停止系统。我们的第一个目标是测试如何快速停止同时减少刺激值。我们假设，快速停止招募一个全球停止系统，抑制所有目前活跃的代表，包括价值。测试这一点需要测量整体抑制（使用经颅磁刺激，TMS），成像停止系统和价值表征（使用功能磁共振成像和皮质电图），最重要的是，显示大脑区域的关键停止是因果关系重要的减少价值（使用一个 直接电刺激的新形式，在人类）。我们的第二个目标是研究动机刺激是如何被抑制的，它会产生行动倾向。我们的假设是，这是由选择性停止系统，这是根据一个主题的目标，在工作记忆中，它可以被触发的动机刺激本身。我们将通过测量TMS运动激活和抑制的时间动力学来测试这一点，并使用功能磁共振成像来检查假定的潜在额纹状体系统。我们的第三个目标是利用自动停止来减少刺激价值和动机。我们假设，重复的停止（通过训练）产生刺激停止标签，因此，当刺激在未来发生时，它会重新激活停止系统（自动），然后减少刺激值和动机。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Everyday acts of self-control directed at, for example, cigarettes, food, and gambling, depend, in part, on the ability to stop action. While much is known about action stopping in humans, real world self-control, as in the above examples, has a strong valuational or motivational component. Yet there is scant research on how motor stopping interacts with value/motivation. Our core hypothesis, based on preliminary data, is that motor stopping can reduce value and motivation. We will test three possible mechanisms based on our work with three kinds of stopping systems. Our first aim is to test how rapid stopping concurrently reduces stimulus value. We hypothesize that rapid stopping recruits a global stopping system that inhibits all currently active representations, including value. Testing this requires measuring global inhibition (with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, TMS), imaging the stopping system and value representations (with fMRI and Electrocorticography) and, above all, showing that brain regions critical for stopping are causally important for reducing value (using a novel form of Direct Electrical Stimulation, in humans). Our second aim is to examine how motivational stimuli, which generate action tendencies, are suppressed. Our hypothesis is that this is done by the selective stopping system that is set up according to a subject's goals in working memory and which can be triggered by the motivational stimulus itself. We will test this by measuring the temporal dynamics of motor activation and suppression with TMS, and using fMRI to examine the putative underlying fronto-striatal system. Our third aim is to leverage automatic stopping to reduce stimulus value and motivation. We hypothesize that repeated stopping (via training) generates stimulus stop-tag, so that when that stimulus occurs in the future it reactivates the stopping system (automatically), which then reduces stimulus value and motivation.