Novel action of grape skin components on postprandial hyperglycemia

描述（由申请人提供）：糖尿病已成为一个主要的公共卫生问题，并正在成为一种流行病。迫切需要开发用于控制糖尿病的新的补充和替代策略。我们的长期目标是开发安全有效的营养干预措施，以支持糖尿病的预防和治疗。本申请的目的是鉴定GSE中新的独特的β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制组分，阐明这些组分在降低餐后高血糖中的作用，并进一步评估GSE组分在预防和治疗2型糖尿病的临床前模型中的安全性和有效性。GSE是美国公众经常使用的营养抗氧化剂补充剂。我们最近发现，GSE摄入对糖尿病小鼠的餐后高血糖具有新的抑制活性，这与其特异性抑制肠道β-葡萄糖苷酶有关。此外，我们发现饮食中补充GSE显著降低饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的血糖，与其对食物摄入、体重增加或抗氧化活性的影响无关。最近，我们证明口服GSE可显著降低人类餐后血糖。因此，我们推测GSE对餐后高血糖的新型抑制作用主要是通过特异性抑制肠道β-葡萄糖苷酶介导的，GSE及其活性成分可以被开发并用作安全和有针对性的营养干预，以支持糖尿病的预防和治疗。为了验证我们的假设，我们将追求三个目标：目标1是确定GSE中的活性β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制成分，并进一步确定其抑制机制。我们将采用活动驱动的方法来隔离和识别GSE中的活动组件。然后，我们将确定它们的特异性，抑制模式，以及对特定β-葡萄糖苷酶可能的加和/协同作用。目的2是确定GSE对餐后高血糖的新型抑制作用的机制。我们将使用2型糖尿病模型来确定活性β-葡萄糖苷酶抑制成分是否负责降低餐后高血糖;以及这些成分是否主要作用于β-葡萄糖苷酶以改善餐后高血糖。目的3是确定GSE组分在预防和治疗2型糖尿病的临床前模型中的有效性和安全性。我们将进行三项研究：研究1是一项急性摄入研究，以确定治疗db/db小鼠餐后高血糖症的最有效的GSE制剂;研究2是确定饮食补充我们的GSE制剂是否可以预防饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠中饮食诱导的糖尿病的发作;研究3是确定我们的GSE制剂在糖尿病发作后是否可以改善db/db小鼠的血糖控制。这项过渡性研究将提供有关GSE的降糖机制、生物学疗效和安全性的重要临床前数据，这些数据将有助于最终转化为未来的临床研究，以评估GSE及其组分作为糖尿病安全、低成本和循证营养干预措施的价值。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Diabetes has become a major public health problem and is emerging as a pandemic. There is a strong need for developing novel complementary and alternative strategies for controlling diabetes. Our long-term goal is to develop a safe and effective nutritional intervention to support diabetes prevention and treatment. The objective of this application is to identify novel unique �-glucosidase-inhibiting components in GSE, to elucidate the role of these components in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia, and to further assess the safety and efficacy of the GSE components in preclinical models for preventing and treating type-2 diabetes. GSE is a nutritional antioxidant supplement used frequently by the American public. We have recently found that that GSE intake exerts a novel inhibitory activity on postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, which is related to its specific inhibition of intestinal �-glucosidases. Furthermore, we showed that dietary supplementation of GSE significantly reduced blood glucose in diet-induced obese mice independent of its effects on food intake, weight gain, or antioxidant activity. More recently, we demonstrated that oral intake of GSE significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose in humans. We therefore hypothesize that the novel inhibitory action of GSE on postprandial hyperglycemia is primarily mediated by specific inhibition of intestinal �-glucosidases, and GSE and its active components could be developed and used as a safe and targeted nutritional intervention to support diabetes prevention and treatment. To test our hypothesis, we will pursue three aims: Aim 1 is to identify active �-glucosidase-inhibiting components in GSE and further determine their inhibitory mechanisms. We will employ an activity-driven approach to isolate and identify active components in GSE. We will then determine their specificity, inhibitory mode, and possible additive/synergistic effects on specific �- glucosidases. Aim 2 is to determine mechanisms underlying the novel inhibitory action of GSE on postprandial hyperglycemia. We will use a type-2 diabetic model to determine whether active �-glucosidase-inhibiting components are responsible for lowering postprandial hyperglycemia; and whether these components primarily act on �-glucosidases to ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia. Aim 3 is to determine the efficacy and safety of GSE components in preclinical models for preventing and treating type-2 diabetes. We will perform three studies: Study 1 is an acute intake study to determine the most effective GSE preparation for treating postprandial hyperglycemia in db/db mice; Study 2 is to determine whether dietary supplementation of our GSE preparation can prevent the onset of diet-induced diabetes in diet-induced obese mice; and Study 3 is to determine whether our GSE preparation, following the onset of diabetes, can improve glycemic control in db/db mice. This transitional study will provide important preclinical data regarding the antidiabetic mechanisms, biological efficacy, and safety of GSE that should facilitate eventual translation into future clinical studies to assess GSE and its components as a safe, low cost, and evidence-based nutritional intervention for diabetes.