Biomechanical determinants of lung cell fate in pluripotent stem cells

描述（由申请人提供）： 影响肺上皮的疾病不容易治疗，并且在世界范围内导致显著的发病率和死亡率。具有自我更新或产生分化的功能性后代的潜能的特化干细胞已被提出作为许多器官（包括肺）的组织稳态的关键组分。使用干细胞治疗肺病的不同潜在方法包括增强内源性干细胞分化或干细胞体外定向分化为肺谱系，然后进行细胞移植。这两种方法都需要肺干细胞或祖细胞的分化的身份和途径是已知的，并充分表征。胚胎干细胞（ESCs）在过去的10- 15年中已经成为开发基于细胞的疗法的有希望的平台，因为它们可以在体外经过几个定义的阶段以重现哺乳动物的发育。此外，诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）为人类ESC提供了一种有吸引力的替代品。iPSC很容易获得，不存在伦理问题，并提供了针对患者的治疗方法。尽管大多数方案使用可溶性因子来获得所需的细胞类型，但逐渐认识到细胞-基质相互作用和细胞培养基质的硬度在ESC和iPSC的定向分化中具有重要作用。因此，本项目的总体目标是进行第一个系统的研究，在肺发育的体外系统中，生物力学线索在肺的规格和分化中的作用。这代表了我们朝着长期目标迈出的第一步，即为影响肺上皮的疾病开发基于细胞的疗法。在目标1中，我们将开发一个重要的工具，这是一个组合平台的细胞外基质（ECM）蛋白的凝胶的各种刚度。我们将在目标2中使用该平台来鉴定ECM蛋白和基质硬度的最佳组合以用于肺祖细胞的衍生及其分化。为了监测肺祖细胞及其分化后代的出现，我们将分别使用小鼠Nkx 2 -1-GFP ESC和SPC-GFP iPSC报告细胞系。从目标2实验定义的最佳生物力学条件将用于在目标3实验中从人iPSC衍生临床相关的肺祖细胞。然后将这些祖细胞接种在来自正常和纤维化供体的脱细胞肺支架上，以研究增加的肺硬度对肺祖细胞分化和分化后代表型的影响。我们设想，我们的研究结果将是定义用于从ESC/iPSC衍生肺祖细胞的最佳方案，以用于新的肺部疾病治疗，并了解肺硬度如何影响移植的体外衍生上皮肺祖细胞的特性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Diseases affecting the lung epithelium are not easily treatable and result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Specialized stem cells with the potential to self-renew or give rise to differentiated, functional progeny have been proposed as a critical component of tissue homeostasis for many organs, including the lung. Different potential approaches for the use of stem cells for lung disease treatment include enhancement of endogenous stem cell differentiation or in vitro directed differentiation of stem cells to lung lineages followed by cell transplantation. Both approaches require that the identity and pathways of differentiation of lung stem or progenitor cells be known and well characterized. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have emerged in the last 10- 15 years as a promising platform for the development of cell-based therapies, since they can transit through several defined stages in vitro to recapitulate mammalian development. In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an attractive alternative to human ESCs. iPSCs are easy to derive, are not fraught with ethical issues and offer the possibility of patient-specific therapies. Although most protocol use soluble factors to derive the desired cell types it is gradually recognized that cell-matrix interactions and stiffness of the cell culture substratum have important roles in directed differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs. Thus, the overall objective of this project is to undertake the first systematic study of the role of biomechanical cues in lung specification and differentiation n an in vitro system of lung development. This represents the first step towards our long-term goal of developing cell-based therapies for diseases affecting the lung epithelium. In Aim 1 we will develop an essential tool which is a combinatorial platform of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on gels of various stiffness. We will use this platform in Aim 2 to identify the optimal combination of ECM proteins and substratum stiffness for the derivation of lung progenitors and their differentiation. To monitor the emergence of lung progenitors and their differentiated progeny we will use the mouse Nkx2-1-GFP ESC and SPC-GFP iPSC reporter lines, respectively. The optimal biomechanical conditions defined from Aim 2 experiments will be used to derive clinically-relevant lung progenitors from human iPSCs in Aim 3 experiments. These progenitors will then be seeded on decellularized lung scaffolds from normal and fibrotic donors to study the effect of increased lung stiffness on both lung progenitor differentiation and phenotype of differentiated progeny. We envision that the outcome of our studies will be to define the optimal protocol for derivation of lung progenitor cells from ESCs/iPSCs to be used in novel lung disease therapies and to understand how lung stiffness affects the properties of engrafted in vitro derived epithelial lung progenitors.