The effects of exposure to violence on risk for substance abuse: neural mechanisms and community level moderators

项目摘要 每年，多达40%的青少年目睹或经历了他们所在社区的袭击。这样的压力 暴露于暴力(ETV)极大地增加了开始使用非法药物的可能性，以及 对它们上瘾。这一建议验证了ETV应激会重新校准神经过程的假设 潜在的情绪反应和调节，这导致情绪反应、冒险和 工作记忆。这些心理变化，无论是独立的还是协同的，都会导致患上 物质使用的启动和升级。我们还假设，教育电视在多大程度上引起了这些 大脑和行为的变化高度依赖于ETV发生和发生的环境背景 因此受到社区层面因素的制约(例如集体效能；邻里经济 劣势)以及更传统的衡量心理因素。要测试此多系统模型 ETV对物质使用的影响，我们将从我们正在进行的1500项纵向发展研究中招募 俄亥俄州富兰克林县的青少年(n=600)，将继续(2岁和5岁；总共4年) 这些生态瞬时评估(EMA)、全球定位(GPS)和面谈评估 空间暴露于电子电视和物质使用(包括客观的头发量测)。在两个额外的时间 学分(1年级和4年级)，青少年将完成全面的神经成像单元，包括 脑结构、静息状态活动和神经活动的测量 神经认知任务，探测假设受ETV影响的过程，并与 使用药物的风险增加：(1)冒险行为；(2)奖励敏感性；(3)威胁反应性；以及(4) 工作记忆。为了支持我们将教育电视与物质使用联系起来的理论，这些任务中的每一项都被证明是 受到像ETV这样的压力体验的影响，以及经常使用药物的影响。目标明确 从家长研究中招募将提高已经使用非法药物的青少年的比例 物质以及经验丰富的教育电视。目标1确定教育电视和药物使用的独立影响 关于神经结构和功能的纵向变化以及横断面差异。目标2 决定神经活动预测未来物质使用的程度。目标3评估的程度为 哪些社区韧性和风险因素调节了这些神经功能和结构的变化。示例 主持人包括社区和活动空间暴露(例如集体效能、暴力水平)、家庭 社会进程和资源(如父母监督、贫困)和生活史(儿童早期逆境) 各种因素。通过纵向设计，我们将能够确定这些风险和 弹性因素改变了ETV引起的神经变化的轨迹，这将提供新的 了解这些变量如何影响药物滥用风险，并建议干预目标 社区、心理或神经层面，可能阻止或减弱教育电视的持久影响。

Project Summary Each year, up to 40% of adolescents witness or experience an assault in their community. The stress of such exposures to violence (EtV) greatly increases the probability of initiating use of illicit drugs as well as becoming addicted to them. This proposal tests the hypothesis that the stress of EtV recalibrates the neural processes underlying emotional reactivity and regulation, which leads to changes in affect reactivity, risk-taking, and working memory. These psychological changes, either independently or in concert, lead to increased risk for the initiation and escalation of substance use. We also hypothesize that the degree to which EtV elicits these changes in brain and behavior is highly dependent on the environmental context in which EtV occurs and therefore moderated by community level factors (e.g. collective efficacy; neighborhood economic disadvantage) as well as more traditionally measured psychological factors. To test this multi-system model of EtV's effects on substance use, we will recruit from our ongoing, longitudinal developmental study of 1500 adolescents in Franklin County, OH, a subsample (n=600) that will continue (at years 2 and 5; 4 total time points) these ecological momentary assessment (EMA), global positioning (GPS), and interview assessments of spatial exposures to EtV and substance use (including objective head hair measures). At 2 additional time points (years 1 and 4), youths will complete a comprehensive neuroimaging battery that includes measurements of brain structure, resting state activity, and neural activity during 4 well-validated neurocognitive tasks that probe the processes hypothesized to be affected by EtV and associated with increased risk for substance use: (1) risk-taking behavior; (2) reward sensitivity; (3) threat reactivity; and (4) working memory. In support of our theory linking EtV to substance use, each of these tasks has been shown to be impacted by stressful experiences like EtV as well as altered by regular substance use. Targeted recruitment from the parent study will enhance the proportion of youths who have already used illicit substances as well as experienced EtV. Aim 1 determines the independent effects of EtV and substance use on longitudinal changes in neural structure and function as well as cross-sectional differences. Aim 2 determines the degree to which neural activity predicts future substance use. Aim 3 evaluates the degree to which community resilience and risk factors moderate these changes in neural function and structure. Example moderators include neighborhood and activity space exposures (e.g. collective efficacy, violence levels), family social processes and resources (e.g. parental monitoring, poverty), and life history (early childhood adversity) factors. With a longitudinal design, we will be able to determine the temporal ordering of how these risk and resilience factors modify the trajectory of neural changes resulting from EtV, which will provide new understanding of how these variables influence substance abuse risk and suggest targets for intervention at the community, psychological, or neural level that might prevent or attenuate the enduring effects of EtV.