Impact of Maternal Diet and Supplements on Breast Milk Composition

建议母乳喂养以预防过敏性疾病的发展，但其机制是 不清楚。母乳是母乳低聚糖(HMOS)和脂肪酸(FAs)的来源之一，它们很可能是 受母亲饮食的影响。HMO是一种复杂的多糖，普遍存在于母乳中；不能被人类消化，但 婴儿肠道微生物区系的主要底物之一。我们最近的研究表明，母乳对 HMO质量和数量组成的显著差异，取决于遗传和母体 益生菌补充剂。母乳富含多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)和短链脂肪酸 脂肪酸(SCFAs)；它们受母亲饮食的强烈影响，可以直接诱导粘膜免疫。 母体饮食和补充剂对母乳免疫调节成分的影响很小。 具有母亲的特点，并在母亲之间有所不同。 我们的初步研究表明，某些HMO与预防牛奶过敏有关 在婴儿身上，但机制尚不清楚。我们对旧秩序门诺派(OOM)的初步研究，他们有 150年前的生活方式和大量接触未经巴氏灭菌的牛奶，表明 哮喘和过敏性疾病，与罗切斯特人口相比。OOM母亲也有丰富的来源 以饮食为基础的益生菌，如未经巴氏灭菌的乳制品(开菲尔、酸奶、奶酪、黄油)；这些可以显著 影响他们的母乳FA和HMO成分，而非处方药补充剂的使用可能不常见。我们的 中心假设是与OOM饮食相关的因素通过对人类的影响而降低过敏风险 牛奶成分。我们的初步数据表明，婴儿肠道微生物群中富含双歧杆菌。 面向对象对象模型。而双歧杆菌又在很大程度上受到母乳成分的影响。 这一补充应用的总体目标是扩大我们正在进行的纵向婴儿队列 研究，题为“粘膜和系统免疫与食物过敏”(U01 AI131344)，通过收集和分析 确定母体饮食，包括膳食和非处方药益生菌对母乳成分的作用的样本； 并评估它们对婴儿免疫力的影响。家长的研究正在描述婴儿肠道微生物群的特征， OOM和Rochester婴儿出生第一年的免疫标记物和特应性疾病。我们有独一无二的 有机会调查母亲饮食对母乳成分的影响。这些附加数据以及 将建模作为父母资助的一部分，将提供对OOM生活方式之间相互作用的整体理解 以及婴儿肠道微生物组组成、免疫标志物和婴儿过敏性疾病的结局。 1

Breast-feeding is recommended to prevent the development of allergic diseases, but mechanisms are unclear. Human milk is a source of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and fatty acids (FAs), which are likely impacted by maternal diet. HMOs are complex glycans prevalent in human milk; non-digestible by humans, but one of the main substrates for the infant gut microbiota. We have recently shown that mothers' milk has significant variations in qualitative and quantitative HMO composition, depending on genetics and maternal probiotic supplementation. Human milk is a rich source of FAs such as polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); these are strongly influenced by maternal diet and could directly induce mucosal immunity. The impact of maternal diet and supplements on immunomodulatory composition of human milk is poorly characterized and varies between mothers. Our initial studies have shown that certain HMOs are associated with protection against cow's milk allergy in the infant, but the mechanisms are not known. Our initial study in the Old Order Mennonites (OOM), who have a lifestyle dating back to 150 years ago and rich exposure to unpasteurized milk, indicated a low prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases, compared to the Rochester population. OOM mothers also have rich sources of diet-based probiotics such as unpasteurized dairy products (kefir, yogurt, cheese, butter); these can significantly affect their breast milk FA and HMO composition, whereas OTC supplement use may not be common. Our central hypothesis is that factors related to OOM diet decrease the risk of allergies through impact on human milk composition. Our preliminary data suggests that the infant gut microbiome is enriched in Bifidobacteria in the OOM. Bifidobacteria in turn are largely impacted by human milk composition. The overall objective of this supplemental application is to expand our ongoing longitudinal infant cohort study, entitled “Mucosal and systemic immunity and food allergy” (U01 AI131344), by gathering and analyzing samples to define the role of maternal diet, including dietary and OTC probiotics on human milk composition, and to assess their impact on infant immunity. The parent study is characterizing the infant gut microbiome, immune markers and atopic diseases in the first year of life in OOM and Rochester infants. We have a unique opportunity to investigate maternal dietary impact on human milk composition. This additional data along with modeling as part of the parent grant will provide holistic understanding of interactions between OOM lifestyle and infant gut microbiome composition, immune markers and allergic disease outcomes in infants. 1