Optimizing OTC labels for older adults: Empirical evaluation of labels designed to provide older users the information they need to minimize adverse drug events

项目摘要/摘要 非处方药(OTC)提供了许多好处，包括增加了获得机会， 独立性、灵活性和可负担性。尽管OTC具有优势，但它也存在风险 药物不良反应，如药物与药物相互作用引起的不良反应或药物引起的药物不良反应。 诊断交互。非处方药引起的不良反应的风险在年龄较大的人群中尤为明显 消费者，他们倾向于消费更多的OTCs，并且有更高的多药使用率 其他年龄段。虽然要求OTC标签包含关键信息(例如，活动的 成分和警告)旨在最大限度地减少ADR，有证据表明缺乏 与OTC标签上的关键信息接触是地方性的，也是有问题的，特别是在 老年消费者。这项建议充分利用了营养、医疗器械和 方剂标识并应用于视觉认知的基础研究，以开发和客观 评估各种场外标签设计吸引人们注意关键信息的能力，从而 促进老年人做出适当的决策。具体地说，它解决了 采用警告标签，将对避免ADR至关重要的信息放在正面 包装专家小组增加了对这些警告的关注，并支持更好的决策 制作。它还评估此关键信息的颜色突出显示是否改进 注意力和决策能力。最后，调查采用这些技术的可能性 可能会产生潜在的负面后果，使人们不太可能关注 出现在传统药物事实面板中的更全面的警告信息。至 评估这些问题，该提案采用了注意力基础研究的实证方法 和视觉认知(例如，眼睛跟踪、变化检测和视觉搜索任务) 调查不同的场外标签设计如何吸引人们对关键信息的关注，宣传 决策，并促进快速、跨产品比较。使用此信息来 优化递送格式应产生能够成功传达关键药物的标签 向面临风险的老年消费者提供信息，从而使他们能够生产健康的药物 决定，最终降低ADR比率。最后，这项研究对监管机构有影响。 与标签设计相关的政策。

Project Summary/Abstract Over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) provide many benefits, including increased access, independence, flexibility and affordability. Despite their advantages, OTCs carry risks of having an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) such as those caused by drug-drug interactions or drug- diagnosis interactions. The risk of ADRs due to OTC uses is particularly pronounced in older consumers, who tend to consume more OTCs and have higher rates of polypharmacy than other age groups. While OTC labels are required to contain critical information (e.g., active ingredients and warnings) designed to minimize ADRs, evidence suggests that a lack of engagement with key information on OTC labels is endemic and problematic, particularly among older consumers. This proposal leverages research on nutrition, medical device and prescription labels and applies basic research in visual cognition to develop and objectively evaluate the ability of varied OTC label designs to attract attention to critical information, thereby promoting appropriate decision making in older adults. Specifically, it addresses whether adopting a warning label that places information that is critical for avoiding ADRs on the front panel of the packaging increases attention to these warnings and supports better decision making. It also evaluates whether color highlighting of this critical information improves attention and decision making. Finally, investigate the possibility that adopting these techniques could have the potential negative consequence of making people less likely to attend to the more comprehensive warning information that appears in the traditional drugs fact panel. To evaluate these issues the proposal applies empirical methods from basic research on attention and visual cognition (e.g., eye-tracking, change detection, and visual search tasks) to investigate how well different OTC label designs attract attention to critical information, promote decision making, and facilitate rapid, cross-product comparisons. Using this information to optimize delivery format should produce a label that successfully communicates critical drug information to at-risk older consumers, thereby empowering them to make healthful medication decisions, ultimately reducing ADR rates. Finally, this research has implications for regulatory policy related to label design.