Optimizing OTC labels for older adults: Empirical evaluation of labels designed to provide older users the information they need to minimize adverse drug events

项目总结/摘要 非处方药（OTC）提供了许多好处，包括增加了可及性， 独立性、灵活性和可负担性。尽管具有优势，但OTC也存在风险， 药物不良反应（ADR），如药物相互作用或药物- 诊断互动由于OTC使用而导致的ADR风险在老年人中尤其明显。 消费者，谁往往消费更多的OTC和有较高的比率，多药比 其他年龄组。虽然OTC标签必须包含关键信息（例如，活性 成分和警告），旨在尽量减少ADR，证据表明，缺乏 参与OTC标签的关键信息是地方性的和有问题的，特别是在 老年消费者。该提案利用了营养、医疗器械和 处方标签和应用视觉认知的基础研究，以发展和客观地 评估各种OTC标签设计吸引人们注意关键信息的能力，从而 促进老年人做出适当的决策。具体而言，它涉及是否 采用警告标签，将对避免ADR至关重要的信息放在前面 包装面板增加了对这些警告的关注，并支持更好的决策 制作。它还评估此关键信息的颜色突出显示是否有所改善 注意力和决策。最后，研究采用这些技术的可能性， 可能会产生潜在的负面后果，使人们不太可能注意到 传统毒品事实面板中出现的更全面的警告信息。到 对这些问题的评价建议从基础研究上运用实证方法加以关注 和视觉认知（例如，眼睛跟踪、变化检测和视觉搜索任务）， 调查不同的OTC标签设计如何吸引人们对关键信息的注意， 决策，并促进快速，跨产品比较。使用该信息来 优化交付格式应产生成功传达关键药物的标签 向有风险的老年消费者提供信息，从而使他们能够生产健康的药物 最终降低ADR的发生率。最后，这项研究对监管有影响。 标签设计相关的政策。

Project Summary/Abstract Over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) provide many benefits, including increased access, independence, flexibility and affordability. Despite their advantages, OTCs carry risks of having an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) such as those caused by drug-drug interactions or drug- diagnosis interactions. The risk of ADRs due to OTC uses is particularly pronounced in older consumers, who tend to consume more OTCs and have higher rates of polypharmacy than other age groups. While OTC labels are required to contain critical information (e.g., active ingredients and warnings) designed to minimize ADRs, evidence suggests that a lack of engagement with key information on OTC labels is endemic and problematic, particularly among older consumers. This proposal leverages research on nutrition, medical device and prescription labels and applies basic research in visual cognition to develop and objectively evaluate the ability of varied OTC label designs to attract attention to critical information, thereby promoting appropriate decision making in older adults. Specifically, it addresses whether adopting a warning label that places information that is critical for avoiding ADRs on the front panel of the packaging increases attention to these warnings and supports better decision making. It also evaluates whether color highlighting of this critical information improves attention and decision making. Finally, investigate the possibility that adopting these techniques could have the potential negative consequence of making people less likely to attend to the more comprehensive warning information that appears in the traditional drugs fact panel. To evaluate these issues the proposal applies empirical methods from basic research on attention and visual cognition (e.g., eye-tracking, change detection, and visual search tasks) to investigate how well different OTC label designs attract attention to critical information, promote decision making, and facilitate rapid, cross-product comparisons. Using this information to optimize delivery format should produce a label that successfully communicates critical drug information to at-risk older consumers, thereby empowering them to make healthful medication decisions, ultimately reducing ADR rates. Finally, this research has implications for regulatory policy related to label design.