Impaired context-learning (value signal normalization) in the aging brain

衰老大脑的情境学习（价值信号正常化）受损

• 批准号: 10230412
• 负责人: Giorgio Coricelli
• 金额: $ 81.18万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-15 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10230412
• 关键词: Advertising; Affect; Age; Aging; American; Attention; Avoidance Learning; Behavior; Behavioral; Brain; Cognition; Cognitive; Computer Models; Data; Decision Making; Economics; Elderly; Feedback; Fees; Fraud; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Health; Impairment; Individual; Individual Differences; Institution; Lead; Learning; Longevity; Mathematics; Memory; Methods; Modeling; Outcome; Participant; Pattern; Performance; Population; Predisposition; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Punishment; Resources; Rewards; Running; Sampling; Signal Transduction; Surface; System; Testing; Thinking; Time; Work; age difference; age effect; age group; age related; aging brain; base; cognitive function; cohort; experimental study; financial decision making; human model; insight; interest; learning algorithm; neural correlate; neuroimaging; neuromechanism; relating to nervous system; welfare; young adult

ABSTRACT Aging is associated with increased susceptibility to fraud and impairments in financial decision making. To be an effective financial decision maker, in addition to learning how to gain reward, one must also learn how to avoid losses. Powerful brain systems reinforce learning when the outcome is rewarding. However, it is not clear whether reinforcement-learning brain systems contribute to the problem of learning to avoid losses, as when learning to avoid losses, a “no-change” outcome may be the best option available but is not in itself inherently rewarding. Our recent findings indicate that, over time, younger adults learn to adjust based on context such that in loss contexts, having a no loss outcome activates reward centers in the brain and trigger reinforcement-learning processes that allow them to learn as effectively about avoiding losses as gaining rewards. In contrast, our preliminary behavioral findings indicate that older adults show selective impairments in learning to avoid losses. This age-related impairment could either be due to impairments in the ability to learn about the decision context or to a more general ‘positivity effect’ in which they attend relatively less to negative than positive outcomes. In the current proposal, we develop and test computational models to identify the contribution of different types of learning mechanisms to these age differences. In particular, we will compare the degree to which impairments in learning about the context versus a bias to attend more to positive than negative feedback can account for older adults’ learning patterns. We then will examine the neural correlates of the best fitting models for the young and older participants. In addition, in a representative sample of Americans, we will examine how individual differences in context learning and positivity bias relate to their financial decision-making abilities and susceptibility to scams.

摘要 老龄化与财务决策中的欺诈和损伤的易感性增加有关。成为 一个有效的财务决策者，除了学会如何获得回报外，还必须学会如何 避免损失。当结果是有回报的时候，强大的大脑系统会加强学习。然而，它并不是 明确强化学习大脑系统是否有助于避免损失的学习问题，如 当学会避免损失时，“一成不变”的结果可能是最好的选择，但不是它本身。 与生俱来的回报。我们最近的发现表明，随着时间的推移，年轻人学会了根据 在损失的情况下，没有损失的结果会激活大脑中的奖励中心并触发 强化学习过程，使他们能够像学习收获一样有效地学习避免损失 奖励。相反，我们的初步行为发现表明，老年人表现出选择性损伤 学会避免损失。这种年龄相关的损害可能是由于以下能力的损害 了解决策的背景或更一般的“积极效应”，即他们相对较少关注 消极的结果多于积极的结果。在当前的提案中，我们开发和测试计算模型以确定 不同类型的学习机制对这些年龄差异的贡献。特别是，我们将 比较学习环境方面的障碍程度与更多关注的偏见 积极的反馈比消极的反馈可以解释老年人的学习模式。然后我们将研究 最适合年轻和老年参与者的模型的神经相关性。此外，在一位代表中 作为美国人的样本，我们将考察背景学习中的个体差异和积极偏见与 他们的财务决策能力和对诈骗的敏感性。