Dual-Process Models of Alcohol Use in Late Adolescence

 描述(由申请人提供)：这项有指导的临床科学家研究发展奖(K08)将使申请人能够发展设计和实施研究的专业知识，使用基于绩效的任务作为调查病因学过程的方法论工具，这些过程不容易通过内省获得。酒精是青春期最常用的毒品，高水平的饮酒与大麻(第二大使用毒品)的使用以及外化和内化问题密切相关。双过程模型通过假设个体在动机和认知控制方面的差异作为问题饮酒的危险因素，解释了酒精使用的异质性和共患性；出现了不同的理论观点；一些人将动机解释为强化敏感性的个体差异，另一些人将其解释为药物特定记忆关联。动机和认知控制风险因素已被证明可以预测外化和内化精神病理学，因此双过程模型可以解释谁有饮酒风险，以及为什么饮酒经常与其他药物使用和外化/内化问题同时发生。该项目将首次同时测试双过程模型中动机的可选概念化，并考察双过程模型中认知控制的多维结构。更好地了解饮酒发展的具体机制可以帮助我们从理论上理解成瘾，并有可能导致针对特殊病因机制的干预。 培训涉及原始数据收集；建议从NIAAA资助的一个更大的项目中抽样150名18-20岁的青少年，该项目审查饮酒里程碑的发展。在完成更大规模的研究后，将对子样本执行一系列基于绩效的任务；任务将测量动机的不同方面(强化 敏感度、药物特异性记忆关联)和认知控制(定势转移、抑制、工作记忆容量)。将使用基于网络的调查方法，对适用于酒精和大麻使用/问题使用以及精神病理学外化和内化症状的双进程模型进行短期前瞻性测试。在考虑到共同的致病机制后，酒精参与与大麻使用以及外化和内化症状的联系预计将得到缓解。这项研究将导致随后的R01赠款申请，涉及：1)开始饮酒的不同途径，2青春期后期/青年出现酒精和大麻使用障碍，以及3)酒精中毒和精神病理学的跨诊断病因学模型。这个K08将通过扩展我的方案研究的广度和深度来培训申请者在成瘾领域的独立研究生涯。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Development Award (K08) will enable the applicant to develop expertise designing and implementing studies using performance-based tasks as a methodological tool for investigating etiological processes that are not easily accessible via introspection. Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in adolescence, with higher levels of drinking being robustly associated with cannabis use (the second most used drug) and externalizing and internalizing problems. Dual-process models explain heterogeneity and co-morbidity of alcohol use by postulating individual differences in motivation and cognitive control as risk factors for problematic drinking Different theoretical perspectives have emerged; some construe motivation as individual differences in reinforcement sensitivity, others as drug-specific memory associations. Motivational and cognitive control risk factors have been shown to predict externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, and hence dual-process models can elucidate who is at risk for drinking, and why drinking frequently co-occurs with other drug use and externalizing/internalizing problems. This project will be the first to concurrently test alternatie conceptualizations of motivation in dual-process models, and to examine the multi- dimensional structure of cognitive control in dual-process models. A better understanding of specific mechanisms in the development of drinking can inform our theoretical understanding of addictions, and potentially lead to interventions that target idiosyncratic etiological mechanisms. Training involves original data collection; 150 18-20 year olds are proposed to be sampled from a larger NIAAA funded project examining the development of drinking milestones. A battery of performance-based tasks will be administered to the sub- sample upon completion of participation in the larger study; tasks will measure different facets of motivation (reinforcement sensitivity, drug specific memory associations) and cognitive control (set-shifting, inhibition, working memory capacity). Web-based survey methods will be used to provide a short-term prospective test of dual-process models as applied to: alcohol and cannabis use/problem use, and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. The association of alcohol involvement with cannabis use, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms is expected to be attenuated after accounting for shared etiological mechanisms. This research will lead to subsequent R01 grant applications involving: 1) different pathways to the initiation of drinking, 2 the emergence of alcohol and cannabis use disorders in late-adolescence/young adulthood, and 3) transdiagnostic etiological models of alcoholism and psychopathology. This K08 will train the applicant for an independent research career in the field of addictions by expanding the breadth and depth of my programmatic line of research.